Movilidad internacional de los doctores españoles: ¿Cuáles son los factores determinantes?

While science and technology systems are deeply changing in Spain to a more open-based organization, international mobility showed by Spanish doctorate-holders are dramatically increasing. Taking into account this context, article pursuits two objectives. First, we would like to know which factors are mainly explaining the decisions supporting theses abroad mobility processes, paying a special attention to gender and academic career organization.Second, we try to find out why Spanish-doctorate holders differ in term of the intensity of their international mobility. To get it, several econometric models (probit and ordered probit)through Spanish Survey of Human Resources in Science and Technology of 2009 (HRST-2009) have been estimated, checking how personal, academic and labour traits affect these decisions. Out-comes point out that abroad mobility of Spanish PhD plays a role like initial condition in orderto develop a academic career. Gender differences are also observed against woman, who faces more difficulties compared with man to undertake this kind of human capital investmentA la vez que los sistemas de Ciencia y Tecnología se transforman hacia organizaciones más abiertas e internacionales los doctores españoles también están incrementado drásticamente su movilidad hacia el extranjero. En este contexto, nuestro artículo persigue dos objetivos. En primer lugar, identificar cuáles son los factores que explican las decisiones de movilidad hacia el extranjero de los doctores españoles con un especial enfoque al género y a la organización de la carrera académica. Y en segundo lugar, tratar de averiguar por qué la intensidad de la movilidad internacional difiere tanto entre los doctores españoles. Para conseguirlo, se estiman varios modelos econométricos (probit and ordered probit) utilizando los datos de la encuesta española de Recursos Humanos en Ciencia y Tecnología de 2009 (RHCT-2009) comprobando cómo los rasgos personales, académicos y laborales afectan a estas decisiones. Los resultados alcanzados indican que la movilidad hacia el extranjero de los doctores españoles juega un papel inicial en el desarrollo de una carrera académica. Además, se observan diferencias por género en torno a la movilidad internacional en contra de las mujeres, las cuales parecen enfrentarse a mayores dificultades a la hora de llevar a cabo este tipo de inversión en capital humanoThis paper is based on the research project ‘‘Flows of HumanResources in Science and Technology. Searching the excellence by means of talent’’, funded by Plan Nacional I+D+i of Spain, CSO2009-0900

La segregación laboral en las regiones españolas durante el periodo 1996-2010

En el presente trabajo se analiza la evolución de la segregación por género en el mercado de trabajo español entre 1996 y 2010, haciendo especial énfasis en las distintas pautas que han seguido las Comunidades Autónomas. Para ello, se utilizan dos medidas: la primera es el Índice de Karmel y MacLachlan y la segunda es la que utiliza las denominadas “curvas de segregación” sobre la cuales se aplica el Índice de Gini. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan una profunda heterogeneidad en la segregación a nivel regional, así como una distinta participación de un género y otro en la evolución de la segregación.This paper analyzes the evolution of gender segregation in Spanish labour market between 1996 and 2010, with particular emphasis on the different trends observed in Spanish regions. For this purpose, two measures are used: the first one is Karmel and MacLachlan index and the second one uses "segregation curves" and applyes Gini index. The results show a deep heterogeneity in regional segregation, as well as a different gender contribution to explain the evolution of segregatio

Diferencias de género en el empleo TIC

La fuerte expansión que han experimentado las nuevas tecnologías en España en los últimos años ha propiciado la creación de nuevos nichos de empleo a los que la parte femenina de la población ha acudido de forma considerable, sobre todo si lo comparamos con el incremento de la ocupación masculina en los mismos empleos. A partir de esta evidencia empírica, nos planteamos en este artículo si el empleo TIC presenta mejores resultados a la hora de medir la segregación por género que gobierna el mercado de trabajo español, donde las mujeres se ven seriamente perjudicadas. Los datos nos dicen que, si bien dentro del empleo TIC se produce mayor igualdad entre sexos, no podemos concluir de forma definitiva que no sigan existiendo disparidades por razón de género. A la luz de estos resultados y ya que hombres y mujeres no se relacionan de la misma forma con el empleo TIC, se realizan estudios econométricos para determinar cómo afectan determinadas variables personales y laborales a la probabilidad de trabajar en el ámbito de las TI

Engineering Agent Systems for Decision Support

This paper discusses how agent technology can be applied to the design of advanced Information Systems for Decision Support. In particular, it describes the different steps and models that are necessary to engineer Decision Support Systems based on a multiagent architecture. The approach is illustrated by a case study in the traffic management domain

Descomposición del GAP salarial por género en el mercado de trabajo español

En este artículo se analiza el gap salarial y su descomposición entre hombres y mujeres en el mercado de trabajo español en el año 2012. Para ello se utilizan dos propuestas metodológicas: en primer lugar, la descomposición de Oaxaca y Blinder, y en segundo lugar la descomposición de Machado y Mata, considerando el sesgo de selección muestral en ambos casos. Los resultados obtenidos permiten concluir que solo el colectivo femenino presenta dicho sesgo a la hora de participar de forma activa en el mercado de trabajo. Igualmente, de los resultados se deriva que la práctica totalidad de la diferencia retributiva entre hombres y mujeres se atribuye a la discriminación salarial, produciéndose los efectos "techo de cristal" y "suelo pegajoso".In this article wage gap by gender is analyzed in Spanish labour market at 2012. For this purpose, two decompositions are used: first, Oaxaca - Blinder decomposition, and second Machada - Mata decomposition, by taking into account sample selection bias in both cases. The results obtained indicate that only female population shows selection bias when this group comes to participate actively in the labour market. Likewise, the results follows that almost all the pay gap between men and women is attributed to wage discrimination, appearing both glass ceiling and sticky floor effects

Occupational segregation by sex in Spain: Exclusion or confinement?

Spain has one of Europe's highest levels of occupational segregation by sex. Using data from the Spanish Working Conditions Survey, this article investigates the determinants of workers' probabilities of employment in male-dominated and female-dominated occupations. Combining Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition technique with counterfactual analysis based on a sample of "hypothetical women", the authors probe the unexplained components of the probability differentials they identify. While gendered labour market dynamics are found to account for the bulk of segregation, the strength of this effect owes more to "positive discrimination" favouring women in female-dominated occupations than to discrimination against women in male-dominated occupations

The returns obtained from international mobility by doctorate holders. Some evidence from Spain

Given the important role played by science and knowledge in current patterns of economic growth, the economic and labour behaviour of doctorate holders merits attention, since they are at the centre of the most fundamental strategic processes on which human capital, productivity, innovation and economic well-being are founded. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to analyse the benefits derived from the international mobility of Spanish doctorate holders from several different perspectives, including academic, labour and economic effects. To this end, a set of probabilistic models were estimated, using information from the 2009 edition of the Spanish Survey on Human Resources in Science and Technology. Our results indicate that international mobility is associated with significant and positive academic and labour effects, whereas returns in terms of income are much less marked. We also found that most of the positive effects were limited to the higher education sector and did not filter through to the private sector. The large number of Spanish doctorate holders working within higher education could be the key factor which explains these results.This paper is based on the research project “Flows of Human Resources in Science and Technology. Searching for excellence through talent”, funded through the Spanish National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation. Reference CSO 2009–09003

Labour segregation in the spanish regions from 1996 to 2010

This paper analyzes the evolution of gender segregation in Spanish labour market between 1996 and 2010, with particular emphasis on the different trends Spanish regions. For this purpose, two measures are used: the first one is Karmel and MacLachlan index and the second one uses «segregation curves» and applyes Gini index. The results show a deep heterogeneity in regional segregation, as well as a different gender contribution to explain the evolution of segregation

Machine Learning Analysis of the Human Infant Gut Microbiome Identifies Influential Species in Type 1 Diabetes

Financiado para publicación en acceso aberto: Universidade da Coruña/CISUG[Abstract] Diabetes is a disease that is closely linked to genetics and epigenetics, yet mechanisms for clarifying the onset and/or progression of the disease have sometimes not been fully managed. In recent years and due to the large number of recent studies, it is known that changes in the balance of the microbiota can cause a high battery of diseases, including diabetes. Machine Learning (ML) techniques are able to identify complex, non-linear patterns of expression and relationships within the data set to extract intrinsic knowledge without any biological assumptions about the data. At the same time, mass sequencing techniques allow us to obtain the metagenomic profile of an individual, whether it is a body part, organ or tissue, and thus identify the composition of a given microbe. The great increase in the development of both technologies in their respective fields of study leads to the logical union of both to try to identify the bases of a complex disease such as diabetes. To this end, a Random Forest model has been developed at different taxonomic levels, obtaining results above 0.80 in AUC for families and above 0.98 at species level, following a strict experimental design to ensure that results are compared under equal conditions. It is identified how, in infants, the species Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides dorei and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron are reduced in the microbiota of those with T1D, while, the populations of Prevotella copri increase slightly and that of Bacteroides vulgatus is much higher. Finally, thanks to the more specific metagenomic signature at species level, a model has been generated to predict those seroconverted patients not previously diagnosed with diabetes but who have expressed at least two of the autoantibodies analysed.This work was supported by the “Collaborative Project in Genomic Data Integration (CICLOGEN)” PI17/01826 funded by the Carlos III Health Institute from the Spanish National plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation 2013–2016 and the European Regional Development Funds (FEDER)—“A way to build Europe”. and the General Directorate of Culture, Education and University Management of Xunta de Galicia, Spain (Ref. ED431D 2017/16), the “Galician Network for Colorectal Cancer Research, Spain” (Ref. ED431D 2017/23) and Competitive Reference Groups, Spain (Ref. ED431C 2018/49). The funding body did not have a role in the experimental design; data collection, analysis and interpretation; and writing of this manuscript. CITIC, as Research Center accredited by Galician University System, is funded by “Consellería de Cultura, Educación e Universidades from Xunta de Galicia, Spain”, supported in an 80% through ERDF Funds, Spain, ERDF Operational Programme Galicia 2014–2020, and the remaining 20% by “Secretaría Xeral de Universidades, Spain” (Grant ED431G 2019/01). The funding body did not have a role in the experimental design; data collection, analysis and interpretation; and writing of this manuscript. The calculations were performed on resources provided by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness via funding of the unique installation BIOCAI (UNLC08-1E-002, UNLC13-13-3503) and the European Regional Development Funds (FEDER) . Funding for open access charge: Universidade da Coruña/CISUGXunta de Galicia; ED431D 2017/16Xunta de Galicia; ED431D 2017/23Xunta de Galicia; ED431C 2018/49Xunta de Galicia; ED431G 2019/0