Policy Reform on Poultry Industry in Indonesia

The Indonesian poultry industry is a key sector for the national economy, supplying 65% of all animal protein and employing 10% of the national labour force. All over the country, though local production successfully copes with domestic demand, the potential for growth is high, consistent with expectations of rising GDP per capita. The market looks healthy and attractive, which has resulted in this gradual entry of new foreign groups. In past decades, the production process has evolved and modernized. The market is dominated by five main players—three foreign companies operating in feed production and two in day-old chick production. Even though expectations for the industry are strongly positive, prices for both broiler chicken and eggs are consistently higher in Indonesia than in Europe and America. From March–October 2018, Indonesian broiler chicken meat cost an average of about IDR 40,500/kg, while in the EU the price was around IDR 32,600/kg (+24%). Over the same period, the average egg price in Indonesia was around IDR 28,000/kg, compared to just above IDR 21,000/kg (+33%) in the EU. The differences in price are partially due to differences in demand and supply—Indonesia is a Muslim country, so the demand for chicken meat may be stronger than in countries with higher pork consumption. However, Indonesia’s higher prices are surprising given lower production costs. In Indonesia, farm salaries are lower than in Europe. In addition, the EU banned egg layer battery cages in 2012, forcing layer farmers to decrease bird density and therefore to implement more expensive methods of production, pushing up egg production costs. So production costs are higher in the EU, but consumer prices are lower. Price differences can also be explained in part by general market conditions in the EU and Indonesia. While the European market is a mature one, the constant growth in Indonesia, supported by growing demand, is an important element keeping prices high. While many economic factors are out of Indonesia’s control, prices are also affected by Indonesian public policy. Therefore, we propose policy modifications that aim to support sound growth of the industry, which might be accompanied by lower prices. The first important act would be to resolve conflicts between existing regulations, in particular between Regulation of the Minister of Trade (MOT) 21/2018 and Regulation of the Minister of Agriculture (MOA) 57/2015 on the ministerial recommendation letter for maize import and maize import rights. Our second suggestion, related to MOA 26/2016, is to liberalize parent stock1 imports, enabling poultry producers to more freely implement sound entrepreneurial strategies rather than relying on incorrect government estimations. At the same time, we believe that it is necessary to open Indonesia to the international market for maize, rather than using trade protections to force local production. Current regulations have driven domestic maize prices incredibly high compared to the international price. Since maize is the main component of poultry feed, and feed is in turn the major cost in Indonesian poultry production, free access to international markets would heavily and positively affect production costs in the poultry industry, helping prices to cool down. Finally, the government could play an important role in improving infrastructure, which, at the moment, burdens the industry—particularly in the case of transporting raw materials for feed from the ports to the mills. An improvement in road infrastructure would also allow the transport of heavy machinery, further boosting modernization of the poultry industr

Analysis of the clinical relevance of histological classification of benign epithelial salivary gland tumours

IntroductionA vast increase in knowledge of numerous aspects of malignant salivary gland tumours has emerged during the last decade and, forseveral reasons, thishas not been the case in benign epithelial salivary gland tumours. We have performed a literature review to investigate whether an accurate histological diagnosis of the 11 different types of benign epithelial salivary gland tumours is correlated to any differences in their clinical behaviour.MethodsA search was performed for histological classifications, recurrence rates and risks for malignant transformation, treatment modalities, and prognosis of these tumours. The search was performed primarily through PubMed, Google Scholar, and all versions of WHO classifications since 1972, as well as numerous textbooks on salivary gland tumours/head and neck/pathology/oncology. A large number of archival salivary tumours were also reviewed histologically.ResultsPleomorphic adenomas carry a considerable risk (5-15%) for malignant transformation but, albeit to a much lesser degree, so do basal cell adenomas and Warthin tumours, while the other eight types virtually never develop into malignancy. Pleomorphic adenoma has a rather high risk for recurrence while recurrence occurs only occasionally in sialadenoma papilliferum, oncocytoma, canalicular adenoma, myoepithelioma and the membranous type of basal cell adenoma. Papillomas, lymphadenoma, sebaceous adenoma, cystadenoma, basal cell adenoma (solid, trabecular and tubular subtypes) very rarely, if ever, recur.ConclusionsA correct histopathological diagnosis of these tumours is necessary due to (1) preventing confusion with malignant salivary gland tumours; (2) only one (pleomorphic adenoma) has a considerable risk for malignant transformation, but all four histological types ofbasal cell adenoma canoccasionally develop into malignancy, as does Warthin tumour; (3) sialadenoma papilliferum, oncocytoma, canalicular adenoma, myoepithelioma and Warthin tumour only occasionally recur; while (4) intraductal and inverted papilloma, lymphadenoma, sebaceous adenoma, cystadenoma, basal cell adenoma (apart from the membranous type) virtually never recur. No biomarker was found to be relevant for predicting recurrence or potential malignant development. Guidelines for appropriate treatment strategies are given.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A computational and experimental investigation of the anchoring of organosilanes on the halloysite silicic surface

In this work, the effect of halloysite nanotubes alkali activation on its grafting efficiency with organosilanes was studied by Density Functional Theory and experimental investigations. In particular, computational analysis allowed to enlight the structural properties of the organic molecules attached to the silanol groups on halloysite outer surface. The energetics of the reactions showed that the pretreatment with a base is crucial for the modification of the surface due to the appearance of a high number of active sites which lead to thermodynamically favored exothermic processes. Experimental evidences are in good agreement with calculation hypothesis. For instance, the coating efficiency is higher after the alkali activation of the inorganic counterpart for both the investigated organosilanes. The findings here reported are important in order to improve any functionalization protocols for aluminosilicates without variations or loss of the hollow nanotubular morphological features and it paves the ground to halloysite based technological applications in many fields, from nanotechnology to catalysis

Body condition score (BCS) and metabolic status of shelter dogs

A group of 147 shelter dogs were weighted and assigned a body condition score (BCS) using a 9 point scale system, in order to evaluate the prevalence of obesity in the kennel. More than 60% of the animals showed a BCS³6 (overweight and obese) and this condition was mainly attributed to an excess of carbohydrates and fat in the diet. In 67/147 dogs, a blood sample was drawn and the effects of BCS, age and time spent in the shelter were evaluated on biochemical parameters. Obese dogs showed significantly higher levels of triglycerides (P<0.01), while increasing BCS determined only an increasing non significant trend on cholesterol values. Age influenced creatinine (P<0.05) and the oldest dogs scoring BCS³6 registered significant higher NEFA (P<0.05) and CK (P=0.01) levels. Time spent in the shelter did not affect any parameter. The dogs' metabolic condition reflects the need of taking more care of the quality of feed administered in the shelters to avoid the negative health effects caused by chronic obesity

Reformasi Kebijakan pada Industri Unggas di Indonesia

Industri unggas di Indonesia adalah sektor utama bagi perekonomian nasional, yang memasok 65% protein hewani dan mempekerjakan 10% tenaga kerja nasional. Meskipun produksi lokal berhasil memenuhi permintaan domestik, potensi pertumbuhannya tetap tinggi di seluruh Indonesia dan secara konsisten sesuai dengan ekspektasi kenaikan PDB per kapita. Hal ini menyebabkan pasar menjadi sehat serta menarik dan membuat perusahaan asing baru masuk secara berkala. Dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, proses produksi telah berevolusi dan dimodernisasi. Pasar didominasi oleh lima pemain utama—tiga perusahaan asing yang beroperasi memproduksi pakan ternak dan dua perusahaan memproduksi anak ayam umur sehari (DOC). Meskipun ekspektasi terhadap industri ini sangat positif, harga ayam broiler dan telur di Indonesia secara konsisten lebih tinggi daripada di Eropa dan Amerika. Dari bulan Maret– Oktober 2018, harga daging ayam broiler di Indonesia rata-rata sekitar Rp40.500/kg, sedangkan di Uni Eropa harganya sekitar Rp32.600/kg (+24%). Dalam periode yang sama, harga rata-rata telur di Indonesia adalah sekitar Rp28.000/kg, sedangkan harga telur di Uni Eropa adalah sebesar Rp21.000/kg (+33%). Perbedaan harga ini sebagian disebabkan oleh perbedaan permintaan dan penawaran—Indonesia adalah negara Muslim, jadi permintaan daging ayam lebih besar daripada di negara-negara dengan konsumsi daging babi yang lebih tinggi. Namun, yang mengejutkan adalah harga di Indonesia lebih tinggi meskipun biaya produksi lebih rendah. Upah petani di Indonesia lebih rendah daripada di Eropa. Selain itu, pada tahun 2012 Uni Eropa melarang ayam petelur yang dikandangkan. Hal ini memaksa para peternak ayam petelur untuk mengurangi kepadatan unggas dan menerapkan metode produksi yang lebih mahal, sehingga mendorong biaya produksi telur naik. Biaya produksi di Uni Eropa lebih tinggi, tetapi harga konsumen lebih rendah. Perbedaan harga ini sebagian juga disebabkan oleh kondisi pasar umum di UE dan Indonesia. Sementara pasar Eropa adalah pasar yang matang, pertumbuhan berkelanjutan di Indonesia yang didukung oleh peningkatan permintaan, menjadi elemen penting yang menyebabkan harga tetap tinggi. Sementara banyak faktor ekonomi berada di luar kendali Indonesia, harga juga dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan publik Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, kami mengusulkan modifikasi kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan industri yang sehat, yang dapat disertai juga dengan harga yang lebih rendah. Tindakan penting pertama adalah menyelaraskan peraturan yang ada, khususnya Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan (Permendag) Nomor 21 Tahun 2018 dan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian (Permentan) Nomor 57 Tahun 2015 tentang surat rekomendasi menteri untuk impor jagung dan hak impor jagung. Saran kedua kami, terkait dengan Permentan Nomor 26 Tahun 2016, adalah untuk membebaskan impor stok induk,1 yang memungkinkan produsen unggas untuk lebih bebas menerapkan strategi kewirausahaan yang sehat daripada mengandalkan estimasi pemerintah yang salah. Pada saat yang sama, kami percaya bahwa Indonesia perlu untuk terjun ke pasar jagung internasional, alih-alih menjalankan kebijakan perdagangan proteksionis untuk menggenjot produksi lokal. Peraturan saat ini telah mendorong harga jagung domestik menjadi sangat tinggi dibandingkan dengan harga internasional. Karena jagung adalah komponen utama pakan unggas, dan pakan unggas merupakan biaya terbesar dalam produksi unggas di Indonesia, akses bebas ke pasar internasional akan secara positif sangat memengaruhi biaya produksi di industri unggas sehingga dapat membantu harga menjadi lebih rendah. Terakhir, pemerintah dapat memainkan peran penting dalam memperbaiki infrastruktur, yang pada saat ini membebani industri—terutama dalam hal pengiriman bahan mentah untuk pakan ternak dari pelabuhan ke pabrik. Perbaikan infrastruktur jalan juga akan memungkinkan pengangkutan alat berat, yang selanjutnya mendorong modernisasi industri unggas.Industri unggas di Indonesia adalah sektor utama bagi perekonomian nasional, yang memasok 65% protein hewani dan mempekerjakan 10% tenaga kerja nasional. Meskipun produksi lokal berhasil memenuhi permintaan domestik, potensi pertumbuhannya tetap tinggi di seluruh Indonesia dan secara konsisten sesuai dengan ekspektasi kenaikan PDB per kapita. Hal ini menyebabkan pasar menjadi sehat serta menarik dan membuat perusahaan asing baru masuk secara berkala. Dalam sepuluh tahun terakhir, proses produksi telah berevolusi dan dimodernisasi. Pasar didominasi oleh lima pemain utama—tiga perusahaan asing yang beroperasi memproduksi pakan ternak dan dua perusahaan memproduksi anak ayam umur sehari (DOC). Meskipun ekspektasi terhadap industri ini sangat positif, harga ayam broiler dan telur di Indonesia secara konsisten lebih tinggi daripada di Eropa dan Amerika. Dari bulan Maret– Oktober 2018, harga daging ayam broiler di Indonesia rata-rata sekitar Rp40.500/kg, sedangkan di Uni Eropa harganya sekitar Rp32.600/kg (+24%). Dalam periode yang sama, harga rata-rata telur di Indonesia adalah sekitar Rp28.000/kg, sedangkan harga telur di Uni Eropa adalah sebesar Rp21.000/kg (+33%). Perbedaan harga ini sebagian disebabkan oleh perbedaan permintaan dan penawaran—Indonesia adalah negara Muslim, jadi permintaan daging ayam lebih besar daripada di negara-negara dengan konsumsi daging babi yang lebih tinggi. Namun, yang mengejutkan adalah harga di Indonesia lebih tinggi meskipun biaya produksi lebih rendah. Upah petani di Indonesia lebih rendah daripada di Eropa. Selain itu, pada tahun 2012 Uni Eropa melarang ayam petelur yang dikandangkan. Hal ini memaksa para peternak ayam petelur untuk mengurangi kepadatan unggas dan menerapkan metode produksi yang lebih mahal, sehingga mendorong biaya produksi telur naik. Biaya produksi di Uni Eropa lebih tinggi, tetapi harga konsumen lebih rendah. Perbedaan harga ini sebagian juga disebabkan oleh kondisi pasar umum di UE dan Indonesia. Sementara pasar Eropa adalah pasar yang matang, pertumbuhan berkelanjutan di Indonesia yang didukung oleh peningkatan permintaan, menjadi elemen penting yang menyebabkan harga tetap tinggi. Sementara banyak faktor ekonomi berada di luar kendali Indonesia, harga juga dipengaruhi oleh kebijakan publik Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, kami mengusulkan modifikasi kebijakan yang bertujuan untuk mendukung pertumbuhan industri yang sehat, yang dapat disertai juga dengan harga yang lebih rendah. Tindakan penting pertama adalah menyelaraskan peraturan yang ada, khususnya Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan (Permendag) Nomor 21 Tahun 2018 dan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian (Permentan) Nomor 57 Tahun 2015 tentang surat rekomendasi menteri untuk impor jagung dan hak impor jagung. Saran kedua kami, terkait dengan Permentan Nomor 26 Tahun 2016, adalah untuk membebaskan impor stok induk,1 yang memungkinkan produsen unggas untuk lebih bebas menerapkan strategi kewirausahaan yang sehat daripada mengandalkan estimasi pemerintah yang salah. Pada saat yang sama, kami percaya bahwa Indonesia perlu untuk terjun ke pasar jagung internasional, alih-alih menjalankan kebijakan perdagangan proteksionis untuk menggenjot produksi lokal. Peraturan saat ini telah mendorong harga jagung domestik menjadi sangat tinggi dibandingkan dengan harga internasional. Karena jagung adalah komponen utama pakan unggas, dan pakan unggas merupakan biaya terbesar dalam produksi unggas di Indonesia, akses bebas ke pasar internasional akan secara positif sangat memengaruhi biaya produksi di industri unggas sehingga dapat membantu harga menjadi lebih rendah. Terakhir, pemerintah dapat memainkan peran penting dalam memperbaiki infrastruktur, yang pada saat ini membebani industri—terutama dalam hal pengiriman bahan mentah untuk pakan ternak dari pelabuhan ke pabrik. Perbaikan infrastruktur jalan juga akan memungkinkan pengangkutan alat berat, yang selanjutnya mendorong modernisasi industri unggas

Agroecological practices and agrobiodiversity. A case study on organic orange in southern Italy

7noopenThe integration of Agroecological Service Crops (ASCs) into agroecosystems can provide several ecological services, such as nutrient cycling and disease and weed management. A two-year experiment on an organic orchard was carried out to compare barley (B) and horse bean (HB) ASCs with a control without ASC (Cont) in combination with fertilizers. Their effects on soil fertility and weed- and soil-borne fungi communities were evaluated by direct measurements, visual estimation, and indicators computation. A Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify latent patterns and redundancy among variables, whereas a correlation analysis was used to discriminate the compared systems within the PCA matrix. The empirical results of this study put in evidence the correlation among soil, weed, and fungal variables. A slight contribution of fertilizers on the system’s variability was observed, whereas a clear effect of ASCs was highlighted. The systems differed in weed communities, with the lowest density associated to B and the highest to Cont. B showed the highest fungal diversity, with changes in community compared to HB. HB showed a contribution on soil fertility, being associated to organic matter increase and N availability, and evidencing mixed impacts on soil quality and ecosystem functioning. Overall, the above-ground diversity and below-ground community results were inter-correlated.openCiaccia C.; La Torre A.; Ferlito F.; Testani E.; Battaglia V.; Salvati L.; Roccuzzo G.Ciaccia, C.; La Torre, A.; Ferlito, F.; Testani, E.; Battaglia, V.; Salvati, L.; Roccuzzo, G

The MEV project: design and testing of a new high-resolution telescope for Muography of Etna Volcano

The MEV project aims at developing a muon telescope expressly designed for the muography of Etna Volcano. In particular, one of the active craters in the summit area of the volcano would be a suitable target for this experiment. A muon tracking telescope with high imaging resolution was built and tested during 2017. The telescope is a tracker based on extruded scintillating bars with WLS fibres and featuring an innovative read-out architecture. It is composed of three XY planes with a sensitive area of \SI{1}{m^2}; the angular resolution does not exceeds \SI{0.4}{\milli\steradian} and the total angular aperture is about $\pm$\SI{45}{\degree}. A special effort concerned the design of mechanics and electronics in order to meet the requirements of a detector capable to work in a hostile environment such as the top of a tall volcano, at a far distance from any facility. The test phase started in January 2017 and ended successfully at the end of July 2017. An extinct volcanic crater (the Monti Rossi, in the village of Nicolosi, about 15km from Catania) is the target of the measurement. The detector acquired data for about 120 days and the preliminary results are reported in this work