3d Coulomb branch and 5d Higgs branch at infinite coupling

The Higgs branch of minimally supersymmetric five dimensional SQCD theories increases in a significant way at the UV fixed point when the inverse gauge coupling is tuned to zero. It has been a long standing problem to figure out how, and to find an exact description of this Higgs branch. This paper solves this problem in an elegant way by proposing that the Coulomb branches of three dimensional ${\cal N}=4$ supersymmetric quiver gauge theories, named "Exceptional Sequences", provide the solution to the problem. Thus, once again, 3d ${\cal N}=4$ Coulomb branches prove to be useful tools in solving problems in higher dimensions. Gauge invariant operators on the 5d side consist of classical objects such as mesons, baryons and gaugino bilinears, and non perturbative objects such as instanton operators with or without baryon number. On the 3d side we have classical objects such as Casimir invariants and non perturbative objects such as monopole operators, bare or dressed. The duality map works in a very interesting way.Comment: 37 pages, 3 figure

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx: An overview

Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx are rare but are the most common nonsquamous tumors of this organ. In the past, there has been considerable confusion about the nature and classification of these neoplasms, but the current consensus is that there are 4 different types of laryngeal neuroendocrine tumors composed of paraganglioma, typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid tumor, and small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Carcinoids and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are epithelial neoplasms, whereas paragangliomas are of neural origin. Diagnosis is based primarily on light microscopy and confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Precise diagnosis is essential because the natural history, treatment, and prognosis vary widely for the different neoplastic categories. Typical carcinoids are very rare and are treated by wide local excision, usually partial laryngectomy, without elective neck dissection. Atypical carcinoid tumors are more common and more aggressive. They are treated by partial or total laryngectomy with elective or therapeutic neck dissection. Adjuvant chemo/radiotherapy may be of benefit in some cases. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas are highly aggressive and should be considered disseminated at initial diagnosis. The treatment is by irradiation and chemotherapy as surgery has proven to be of a little benefit. Paragangliomas are treated by local excision or partial laryngectomy. It is difficult to determine the valid survival statistics for typical carcinoids because of their rarity and confusion in the literature with their atypical counterparts. They have a greater tendency to metastasize, and thus a worse prognosis than was previously believed. Atypical carcinoid tumors have a 5-year survival rate of approximately 50%, which decreases with time. The prognosis of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the larynx is dismal, with 5-year survival rates of 5%. The biological behavior of laryngeal paraganglioma is generally benign and the prognosis is excellent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/64438/1/21162_ftp.pd

Ludwig M. Lachmann Against the Cambridge School

While in the early 1930s Keynes and Hayek were the major figures in a heated academic debate about money and capital, in which Keynes also and especially involved the Italian Piero Sraffa, it might seem at first sight that the Austrian economist set aside an organic demolition of the ideas expressed in 1936 by his rival in the General Theory. Hayek himself, in the future, would regret not having devoted an organic work to criticising the new Keynesian theories. However, as demonstrated in Sanz Bas (2011), although it is not possible to find a debate such as the one on the Treatise on Money, Hayek's subsequent works do include timely and reasoned criticisms as regards the main conclusions of the new Cambridge macroeconomics. But the 'Austrian knight' of a new Vienna-Cambridge debate, in the subsequent decades, was the German economist Ludwig M. Lachmann (1906-1990), a student of Hayek at LSE during the 1930s and later a professor in Johannesburg and New York. Lachmann was one of the protagonists of the Austrian revival after 1974 and the founding leader of the 'nermeneutic stream', opposed by the Rothbardian stream. Lachmann, defending Keynes's subjectivism and expectation theory, revived the Vienna-Cambridge controversy, criticising not Keynes but his followers, in particular the 'new' Cambridge School, developed by Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa. Lachmann's life sight was to build a new economics paradigm, centred on the idea of market process, expectations and kaleidic society (Shackle); in order to do so he developed a deep attack toward the new Cambridge macroeconomics mainstream, arising from World War II ashes during the 1950s and 1960s. His polemic toward the 'modern' macroeconomics can be read in all his books and papers, but it is particularly evident in Lachmann (1973, [1986a] 1994). His preferred targets were Sraffa and Joan Robinson, 'guilty', according to Lachmann, to overcome Keynes's subjectivism and to develop a new Neo-Ricardian approach. The resulting macroeconomics is accused to be excessively formalist, ignoring the microfoundations that are at the very root of human action and choice. But Lachmann's attack was not only an epistemological one. He intensively tried to demolish all the pillars of the Cambridge macroeconomics: capital as aggregate, long run equilibrium, the absence of innovation and technological change and the conception of rate of profit. His starting point was an economics based on human expectations as the only possible source of human actions. A source, however, never at rest, and continuously influenced by technological change and changing information

The Natural Cycle: WHY Economic Fluctuations are Inevitable. A Schumpeterian Extension of the Austrian Business Cycle Theory

The conventional version of Austrian business cycle theory focuses on a temporary imbalance between natural and monetary rates of interest. When, because of the role of monetary authorities in defining the monetary rate, the two values are in a situation of imbalance, the resulting expansion stage is followed by a recession. On the other hand, if instead the expansive phase arises without any interference by monetary authorities but through re-adaptation of the productive structure to a modified structure of temporal preferences, a period of sustainable growth begins that will not be followed by a crisis. The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate, on the other hand, that because of profit-expectations and the combined action of Schumpeterian elements (imitations-speculations and the ‘creation of money' by banks), even a so-called ‘sustainable' boom will be affected by a liquidation and settling crisis. What distinguishes the latter situation from the conventional case of imbalance between monetary and natural rates is not the onset or otherwise of a crisis but, rather, its intensity and duration. We will define as natural an economic cycle characterised by a stage of expansion considered to be ‘sustainable' in the Austrian theory but followed by an inevitable readjustment crisis

Some considerations on the WHO Histological classification of laryngeal neoplasms

A new edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) Histological classification of tumours of the hypopharynx, larynx, trachea and parapharyngeal space was published in 2017. We have considered this classification regarding laryngeal neoplasms and discuss the grounds for said revision. Many of the laryngeal neoplasms described in the literature and in the previous WHO edition from 2005 have been omitted from this current revision. Many are described elsewhere in the book but it may give the new generation of pathologists/surgeons/oncologists the false impression that these tumour entities do not exist in the larynx.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Editorial: Hayek, Keynes and the Crisis: Analyses and Remedies. An Introduction

I am glad to present to the readers of the Journal of Reviews on Global Economics this special issue titled "Hayek, Keynes and the crisis. Analyses and Remedies", named after a scientific conference which was heldbetween 22 and 24 January 2015 at the Amphithéâtre Vedel, Université Paris-Sud, Faculté Jean Monnet, Sceaux, in France. The conference was organized by the Research Centres of the Université Paris-Sud “Collège d'Etudes Interdisciplinaires" and “Réseaux Innovation Territoires et Mondialisationâ" and sponsored by the International Journal of Political Economy, the Review of Keynesian Economics, the book series"New Directions in Post-Keynesian Economics" (published by Edward Elgar), the Association pour le Développement des Etudes Keynésiennes and the Association Française d’Economie Politique. Important scholars from all around the world answered the call from Bernard Vallageas and François Facchini in order to discuss the heritage, for present day economics, of the Hayek/Keynes controversy, developed during the 1930s. The controversies between Hayek and Keynes began in 1929 when Hayek, presented his lectures on business cycles at the London School of Economics, invited by Lionel Robbins. The opposition appeared in their respective books Prices and Production, Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle, A Treatise on Money and their comments on these books published in journals. The object of the conference was to analyze the controversies between Hayek and Hayekians on one side and Keynes and Keynesians on the other side. This special issue hosts some of the contributions presented during that conference (Levy Orlik, Facchini, Sanz Bas and Morillo, Ferlito). However, together with the JRGE editors we decided to open the debate to a widerspectrum of scholars and the papers here published are the result of a call for papers on the topic. We are therefore glad to present here original contributions by Heinz D. Kurz, André Getzmann, Sebastian Lang, Klaus Spremann, Max Gillman and Giovanni Bella. We open the special issue with the paper by Heinz D. Kurz, who brings new light on the debate on crises and cycles between Hayek, Keynes and Sraffa; in particular, prof. Kurz demonstrates how Sraffa, while strongly criticizing the Hayek's perspective, at the same time did not support Keynes' view. The theme will be reprised in my paper, published as the last one, in which the Sraffa/Hayek debate is analyzed with Lachmann's eyes; the Germaneconomist, in looking for microfoundations for the capital analysis, accused Sraffa and the Cambridge School to develop a new neo-Ricardian approach, grounded on macroformalism and aggregation. Noemi Levy Orlik, while discussing Hayek and the Austrian monetary school innovative ideas in terms of money in capitalist economies, embraces a new-Keyensian view according to which the main way to overcome economicactivity fluctuations is to implement expansive fiscal policies, opposing wages cuts, and promoting financial market regulation. A conciliatory approach is instead proposed by François Facchini, who explains how the regulated capitalism is the cause of market instability and financial fragility: moral hazard encourages commercial banks to take risks and therefore post-2008 crisis policies went in the wrong direction. David Sanz Bas and Juan Morillo come back to the main issue, the Hayek/Keynes debate, and demonstrate how the general idea according to which, after the debate on the Treatise on Money Hayek renounced to criticize The General Theory, is wrong. We need instead to accurately read post-1936 Hayek's works to find how a wide criticism can be found. André Getzmann, Sebastian Lang and Klaus Spremann try to combine Hayek's and Keynes' approaches looking at companies' decisions to finance investments and at their agility to adjust their capital structure. They then study the relationship between capital structure to finance corporate production and shifts in aggregate demand. Their results provide evidence for Keynes' General Theory from a firm level perspective: firms respond very fast to aggregate demand by adjusting capital and production structure correspondingly. Giovanni Bella contributes to the new Keynesian literature by showing that stable endogenous cycles can emerge as equilibrium solutions of the traditional IS-LM model. The application of the original Bogdanov-Takens theorem allows him to determine the regions of the parametric space where the model exhibits a global indeterminate solution, and a low-growth trapping region, characterized by a continuum of equilibrium trajectories in the proximity of a homoclinic bifurcation. Finally, Max Gillman retrospectively look at how Hayek's and Fisher's idea on the Great Depression arose as opposed to Keynes' interventionism. Through an interesting quantitative analysis, Gillman demonstrate that thepresent Great Recession calls for free market oriented policies and not for further pro-active policies

Disproportionality and Business Cycle from Tugan-Baranovskij to Spiethoff

In the second half of the 19th century, German-speaking countries developed a very intense economic debate about crises. Mikhail Ivanovich Tugan-Baranovskij's analysis may be considered as the point of transition between different crisis theories and the development of organic thinking about the business cycle. It was an integral part of the German debate and had a decisive influence on Arthur Spiethoff's elaboration - perhaps the most organic analysis of the cycle developed within the German historical school. Arthurs Spiethoff's influence was recognized by important authors such as Friedrich A. von Hayek and Joseph A. Schumpeter. Both the Austrian economists admitted their debt toward the German scholar in elaborating their business cycle theories. The present paper aims to illustrate one of the important roots in Spiethoff's approach, an approach that in turn became a crucial reference for other important economists

Fotografia e memoria Traduzione e commento del saggio di Geoffrey Batchen Forget me Not: Photography & Remembrance

La tesi di laurea specialistica presentata verte sul mondo della fotografia vernacolare, quotidiana, quella che non considera i grandi nomi, ma piuttosto si concentra nell'analisi di immagini fotografiche scattate per occasioni particolari come il matrimonio, o il memento mori. Ho accostato i termini fotografia e memoria perché, pur non essendo sinonimi, sono talvolta complementari

The Life Esidimeni tragedy: A human-rights perspective

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) affirms that all human beings are entitled to core rights essential to human fulfilment. Although all human rights are important, the ICESCR’s guarantee of the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health may be the most significant. Having good health is necessary for human wellbeing. Paramount to this is the freedom of individuals to exercise their human rights. As seen with the Life Esidimeni tragedy, people with mental illnesses often find it more difficult than others to achieve the fulfilment of their rights. This article discusses human-rights legal instruments, and focuses on the rights to health, life and dignity in the context of the tragedy. It also examines how the realisation of human rights can have meaningful results for mentally ill people