1,863 research outputs found
Revisiting He-like X-ray Emission Line Plasma Diagnostics
A complete model of helium-like line and continuum emission has been
incorporated into the plasma simulation code Cloudy. All elements between He
and Zn are treated, any number of levels can be considered, and radiative and
collisional processes are included. This includes photoionization from all
levels, line transfer including continuum pumping and destruction by background
opacities, scattering, and collisional processes. The model is calculated
self-consistently along with the ionization and thermal structure of the
surrounding nebula. The result is a complete line and continuum spectrum of the
plasma. Here we focus on the ions of the He I sequence and reconsider the
standard helium-like X-ray diagnostics. We first consider semi-analytical
predictions and compare these with previous work in the low-density,
optically-thin limit. We then perform numerical calculations of helium-like
X-ray emission (such as is observed in some regions of Seyferts) and predict
line ratios as a function of ionizing flux, hydrogen density, and column
density. In particular, we demonstrate that, in photoionized plasmas, the
-ratio, a density indicator in a collisional plasma, depends on the
ionization fraction and is strongly affected by optical depth for large column
densities. We also introduce the notion that the -ratio is a measure of the
incident continuum at UV wavelengths. The -ratio, which is
temperature-sensitive in a collisional plasma, is also discussed, and shown to
be strongly affected by continuum pumping and optical depth as well. These
distinguish a photoionized plasma from the more commonly studied collisional
case.Comment: 28 pages, 7 figures, accepted to Ap
Cosmic rays and the emission line regions of active galactic nuclei
The effects that the synchrotron emitting relativistic electrons could have on the emission line regions which characterize active nuclei are discussed. Detailed models of both the inner, dense, broad line region and the outer, lower density, narrow line region are presented, together with the first models of the optically emitting gas often found within extended radio lobes. If the relativistic gas which produces the synchrotron radio emission is mixed with the emission line region gas then significant changes in the emission line spectrum will result. The effects of the synchrotron emitting electrons on filaments in the Crab Nebula are discussed in an appendix, along with a comparison between the experimental calculations, which employ the mean escape probability formalism, and recent Hubbard and Puetter models
The line continuum luminosity ratio in AGN: Or on the Baldwin Effect
The luminosity dependence of the equivalent width of CIV in active galaxies, the "Baldwin" effect, is shown to be a consequence of a luminosity dependent ionization parameter. This law also agrees with the lack of a "Baldwin" effect in Ly alpha or other hydrogen lines. A fit to the available data gives a weak indication that the mean covering factor decreases with increasing luminosity, consistent with the inference from X-ray observations. The effects of continuum shape and density on various line ratios of interest are discussed
Hydrogen Two-Photon Continuum Emission from the Horseshoe Filament in NGC 1275
Far ultraviolet emission has been detected from a knot of Halpha emission in
the Horseshoe filament, far out in the NGC 1275 nebula. The flux detected
relative to the brightness of the Halpha line in the same spatial region is
very close to that expected from Hydrogen two-photon continuum emission in the
particle heating model of Ferland et al. (2009) if reddening internal to the
filaments is taken into account. We find no need to invoke other sources of far
ultraviolet emission such as hot stars or emission lines from CIV in
intermediate temperature gas to explain these data.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures. Accepted for publication in MNRA
Beef Cattle Price Variability: Knowledge that Leads to Better Marketing Decisions
Livestock Production/Industries,
Which Stars are Ionizing the Orion Nebula ?
The common assumption that Theta-1-Ori C is the dominant ionizing source for
the Orion Nebula is critically examined. This assumption underlies much of the
existing analysis of the nebula. In this paper we establish through comparison
of the relative strengths of emission lines with expectations from Cloudy
models and through the direction of the bright edges of proplyds that
Theta-2-Ori-A, which lies beyond the Bright Bar, also plays an important role.
Theta-1-Ori-C does dominate ionization in the inner part of the Orion Nebula,
but outside of the Bright Bar as far as the southeast boundary of the Extended
Orion Nebula, Theta-2-Ori-A is the dominant source. In addition to identifying
the ionizing star in sample regions, we were able to locate those portions of
the nebula in 3-D. This analysis illustrates the power of MUSE spectral imaging
observations in identifying sources of ionization in extended regions.Comment: 7 pages with 5 figure
Standard Model Parton Distributions at Very High Energies
We compute the leading-order evolution of parton distribution functions for
all the Standard Model fermions and bosons up to energy scales far above the
electroweak scale, where electroweak symmetry is restored. Our results include
the 52 PDFs of the unpolarized proton, evolving according to the SU(3), SU(2),
U(1), mixed SU(2) x U(1) and Yukawa interactions. We illustrate the numerical
effects on parton distributions at large energies, and show that this can lead
to important corrections to parton luminosities at a future 100 TeV collider.Comment: 30 pages, 7 figures. Improved treatment of input PDFs at 100 GeV.
Adjusted plotting style to show features more clearly. Main results and
conclusions unchange
Studies of NGC 6720 with Calibrated HST WFC3 Emission-Line Filter Images--I: Structure and Evolution
We have performed a detailed analysis of the Ring Nebula (NGC 6720) using HST
WFC3 images and derived a new 3-D model. Existing high spectral resolution
spectra played an important supplementary role in our modeling. It is shown
that the Main Ring of the nebula is an ionization-bounded irregular
non-symmetric disk with a central cavity and perpendicular extended lobes
pointed almost towards the observer. The faint outer halos are determined to be
fossil radiation, i.e. radiation from gas ionized in an earlier stage of the
nebula when it was not ionization bounded.
The narrow-band WFC3 filters that isolate some of the emission-lines are
affected by broadening on their short wavelength side and all the filters were
calibrated using ground-based spectra. The filter calibration results are
presented in an appendix.Comment: Accepted for publication by the Astronomical Journa
Studies of NGC 6720 with Calibrated HST WFC3 Emission-Line Filter Images--II:Physical Conditions
We have performed a detailed analysis of the electron temperature and density
in the the Ring Nebula using the calibrated HST WFC3 images described in the
preceding paper. The electron temperature (Te) determined from [N II] and [O
III] rises slightly and monotonically towards the central star. The observed
equivalent width (EW) in the central region indicates that Te rises as high as
13000 K. In contrast, the low EW's in the outer regions are largely due to
scattered diffuse Galactic radiation by dust. The images allowed determination
of unprecedented small scale variations in Te. These variations indicate that
the mean square area temperature fluctuations are significantly higher than
expected from simple photoionization. The power producing these fluctuations
occurs at scales of less than 3.5E15 cm. This scale length provides a strong
restriction on the mechanism causing the large t^2 values observed.Comment: Accepted for publication in the Astronomical Journa
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