The effect of early nutrient restriction on subsequent compensatory growth in market turkeys

Experiment one was a factorial arrangement of diets containing two levels of protein (P) (100% (HP) or 70% (LP) of National Research Council (1984) (N.R.C.)) and two levels of energy (E) (100% (HE) or 90% (LE) of N.R.C.), which were fed ad libitum to Nicholas toms from 10 days to 6 weeks (wks) of age. Subsequently, the four treatment groups were fed diets containing either 4% or 8% fat (F) to 20 wks of age. LP or LE reduced weight gain (WG) and increased feed/gain (F/G) until 6 weeks (P \u3c.005). After 6 wks of age, LP toms had consistently lower body weight (BW) and F/G than HP toms until 20 wks (P \u3c.005). In comparison, LE and HE toms had the same BW at 20 wks. WG increased and F/G decreased as the level of F increased (P \u3c.005), irrespective of P and E. Percentage carcass fat at 6 wks was increased by LP, and decreased by LE (P \u3c.005). LP also increased leg length relative to 6-wk BW and reduced breast meat yield. Carcass composition and structural proportionality of LP and LE toms were restored at 12 and 20 wks with the exception of breast yield, which was still adversely affected by LP at 12 wks. At 12 and 20 wks, % carcass fat increased as the level of F increased. Results show that toms responded more favorably to early P than E restriction, regardless of fat content of the realimentation diet;In experiment two, four levels of dietary protein (P) (100%, 80%, 70%, or 60% of N.R.C.) were fed to toms from 1-6 wks and subsequently the toms were fed according to N.R.C. until 20 wks of age. As the level of P decreased 6-wk BW decreased and 1-6 wk F/G increased. P did not influence 6-20-wk WG, but F/G was improved (P \u3c.005). Furthermore, 60-70% P reduced the incidence of severe leg weakness observed at 18 wks by more than 60%. Percentage carcass fat at 6 wks increased linearly and breast and thigh meat yields decreased as P decreased, but other carcass components were unaffected by P. Carcass composition and meat yield were restored to normal proportions at 12 and 20 wks, irrespective of the level of P; however, breast yield at 20 wks was reduced by 60% P. Results show that large toms do not exhibit compensatory WG, irrespective of the level of P; however, significant savings in feed costs and reduced incidence of leg weakness without adverse effects on carcass quality may be economically beneficial if toms are fed at 70-80% of N.R.C. protein recommendations from 1-6 wks of age;Reference. National Research Council. 1984. Nutrient Requirements of poultry. 8th ed. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC

Self-sampling is appropriate for detection of Staphylococcus aureus: a validation study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Studies frequently use nasal swabs to determine <it>Staphylococcus aureus</it> carriage. Self-sampling would be extremely useful in an outhospital research situation, but has not been studied in a healthy population. We studied the similarity of self-samples and investigator-samples in nares and pharynxes of healthy study subjects (hospital staff) in the Netherlands.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>One hundred and five nursing personnel members were sampled 4 times in random order after viewing an instruction paper: 1) nasal self-sample, 2) pharyngeal self-sample, 3) nasal investigator-sample, and 4) pharyngeal investigator-sample.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>For nasal samples, agreement is 93% with a kappa coefficient of 0.85 (95% CI 0.74-0.96), indicating excellent agreement, for pharyngeal samples agreement is 83% and the kappa coefficient is 0.60 (95% CI 0.43-0.76), indicating good agreement. In both sampling sites self-samples even detected more <it>S. aureus</it> than investigator-samples.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This means that self-samples are appropriate for detection of <it>Staphylococcus aureus</it> and methicillin-resistant <it>Staphylococcus aureus</it>.</p

Changing the script: a typology of Dutch theatre manuscripts in the Southern Low Countries, and the interaction between manuscript and print (Seventeenth–Eighteenth centuries)

NWO016.Veni.195.371Medieval and Early Modern Studie