Occupational mismatch and moonlighting of Spanish physicians: Do couples matter?

There are important gender differences in the labour-market status of health sciences graduates in Spain: (i) female physicians have lower participation rates than male physicians and, when they work, they are subject to higher occupational mismatch, and (ii) moonlighting is more frequent among male physicians. In this paper we investigate whether such differences are related to the monopsonistic features of the labour market of health-care professionals. Spanish physicians also exhibit another characteristic reducing their geographical mobility in search of a better occupational adjustment: among all university graduates, they are the ones most often coupled to partners with the same educational level and/or same type of studies. Consequently, optimal occupational adjustment of both partners can be a complex process. This stylised fact allows us to provide empirical evidence on a new type of gender discrimination labelled as ?within-couple discrimination?, which arises when geographical mobility of couples is favourable to men, so that they achieve better occupational adjustment than women despite having the same human capital. Finally, we analyse if moonlighting can be interpreted as a way of avoiding monopsonistic effects by increasing the labour supply elasticity.Fundación BBVA / Banco de Santander / La Caix

Do Men and Women-Economists Choose the Same Research Fields?: Evidence from Top-50 Departments

This paper describes the gender distribution of research fields in economics by means of a new dataset about researchers working in the world top-50 Economics departments, according to the rankings of the Econphd.net website. We document that women are unevenly distributed across fields and test some behavioral implications from theories underlying such disparities. Our main findings are that the probability that a woman works in a given field is positively related to the share of women in that field (path-dependence), and that the share of women in a field decreases with their average quality. These patterns, however, are weaker for younger female researchers. Further, we document how gender segregation of fields has evolved over different Ph.D. cohorts.Banco de Santande

Female Employment and Occupational Changes in the 1990s: How is the EU Performing Relative to the US?

This paper provides a comparison of the incidence and composition of female employment both in the EU and in the US. Despite a significant increase in female labour market participation in the EU, about 50% of the difference between the employment rates in the US and the EU can still be attributed to differences in the educational attainments and the employment rates of women aged 25?54. We highlight the main features of female employment in both areas, paying particular attention to the differences across age cohorts and educational levels. Our main findings are as follows: (i) the educational level of the EU female population is slowly converging to that of the US across age cohorts, (ii) the employment rates of less educated women are much lower in the EU than in the US (with the exceptions of the Scandinavian countries) even for women aged 25?34, and (iii) occupational segregation is lower for the younger highly educated women who seem to be entering more typically male occupations and less typically female occupations, although at a higher rate in the US than in the EU.Publicad

The Role of the Minimum Wage in the Welfare State : An Appraisal

In order to offer a balanced assessment of the role of minimum wages in the Welfare State, seven basic questions need to be answered: (i) Why is the minimum wage a useful redistributive tool?; (ii) How binding are minimum wage floors in different countries?; (iii) To what extent do minimum wages have the adverse consequences that standard analysis predict?; (iv) Are there strong theoretical grounds underlying the revisionist results?; (v) Who supports minimum wages?; (vi) Under which conditions is the minimum wage a better tool than other policy instruments to achieve income redistribution?; and, finally, (vii) What is the overall cross-country time-series evidence regarding the employment effect of the minima? The aim in this paper is to provide an appraisal on the available evidence for each of the above-mentioned issues.Publicad

Where do Women Work? : Analysing Patterns in Occupational Segregation by Gender

Our goal in this paper is twofold. First, to examine the role of education and other socio-economic factors in explaining differences between the EU and the US in occupational segregation by gender. And, secondly, to analyse its relationship with job characteristics, remuneration and promotion opportunities of female employees.Publicad

Youth labour markets in Spain: education, training and crowding-out.

The stylised facts describing the evolution of youth labour markets in Spain can be characterised as a "high-skill, bad-job trap" where higher educated workers end up in semi or unskilled entry jobs while crowding out lower educated workers from that type of job. A simple matching model with multiple contracting regimes is used to explain how a less tigher skilled labour market can be lead to crowding-out of lower educated worker and less on-the-jobtraining.Unemployment; Education; Training matching;

Diferencias de género y temporalidad: el caso de los profesionales superiores en el sector sanitario en España

La feminización de las profesiones sanitarias de nivel superior ha venido acompañada de un aumento importante en la precariedad laboral a través de sucesivas bajas laborales y contratos temporales intermitentes. Este fenómeno presenta cierto paralelismo con las relaciones laborales en el sector de la construcción, aun tratándose en este caso de trabajadores menos cualificados. En este trabajo se analizan las diferencias de género en las tasas de incidencia de estas bajas laborales, así como sus efectos sobre los salarios y el tiempo trabajado en el sector sanitario a lo largo de la vida laboral. Se desarrollan diversos métodos empíricos para intentar aislar los posibles efectos composición y cohorte derivados de una tasa de feminización mayor que en otras profesiones, en buena medida debida a una reducción por parte de los varones de la demanda educativa de este tipo de estudios. Finalmente, el estudio también se centra en las diferencias de género entre los sectores público y privado de la sanidad en España

Youth labour markets in Spain: education, training and crowding-out

The stylised facts describing the evolution of youth labour markets in Spain can be characterised as a "high-skill, bad-job trap" where higher educated workers end up in semi or unskilled entry jobs while crowding out lower educated workers from that type of job. A simple matching model with multiple contracting regimes is used to explain how a less tigher skilled labour market can be lead to crowding-out of lower educated worker and less on-the-jobtraining

Los problemas del mercado de trabajo juvenil en España: Empleo, formación y salarios mínimos

En este artículo se discuten los efectos sobre el mercado de trabajo juvenil de dos reformas recientes que han afectado al sistema de salarios mínimos español: el proceso de equiparación del Salario Mínimo Interprofesional para todas las edades, culminado en 1998, y el Pacto sobre Negociación Colectiva, firmado en 1997. Con este fin, se realiza una síntesis de los resultados obtenidos en investigaciones recientes y se aporta nueva evidencia que indica que en ambos casos las decisiones tomadas han podido resultar inadecuadas

Minimum wages, collective bargaining and wage dispersion : the spanish case

Recent empirical work on the employment effects of minimum wages in Spain has shown negative, albeit not large, effects on youth and low skilled-workers'employment prospects. In this paper we tackle this issue in greater depth. Specifically, we analyse how collective wage bargaining, by fixing minimum wages above statutory ones, affects the overall wage structure and employment. We develop a simple model with monopsonistic features, resulting in externalities in wage-setting by firms, which may give rise to wider wage dispersion than that implied by the introduction of minimum wages