1,620 research outputs found
Natureza, liberdade e justiça: um exame crítico da posição habermasiana acerca da biotécnica
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Florianópolis, 2009Este trabalho pretende reconstruir e examinar a estratégia argumentativa de Habermas em Die Zukunft der menschlichen Natur (ZMN) e realizar uma avaliação externa com base em considerações de justiça distributiva, recorrendo, sobretudo, a alguns aspectos da justiça como equidade de Rawls e a distinção entre princípios de justiça material e justiça formal de Chäim Perelman. A estratégia argumentativa de Habermas contra a eugenia liberal recebeu uma quantidade significativa de objeções, algumas às quais ele mesmo respondeu em diferentes oportunidades. Os críticos acusam Habermas de comprometer-se com uma ontologia de valores, com o determinismo genético, com nexos causais não demonstrados, e de compreender de modo equivocado a prática da atribuição de responsabilidade. Buscou-se mostrar que a estratégia de Habermas não se compromete com reducionismos de nenhum tipo, embora se reconheça que o argumento parte de certas suposições não demonstradas. A estratégia argumentativa de Habermas em ZMN explicita um aspecto somático da liberdade humana, que o afasta da concepção transcendental de liberdade de Kant, razão pela qual o presente estudo realiza um exame comparativo entre as concepções de liberdade de Habermas, Kant e Adorno. Mesmo que a concepção de liberdade de Habermas em ZMN sinalize algumas rupturas entre seu pensamento e o de Kant, o presente texto também busca realizar algumas aproximações entre o pensamento desses dois autores em outros aspectos. No que diz respeito à justiça distributiva, tenta-se ressaltar quais são as suposições de justiça como equidade afetadas pelos recentes avanços no campo da engenharia genética e quais suas principais implicações normativas. A análise dos efeitos nas suposições da justiça como equidade sugere que sejam incluídas intervenções eugênicas na lista de bens naturais primários, a fim de compensar desigualdades sociais arbitrárias de um ponto de vista moral. Todavia, como a posição normativa de Habermas contra a eugenia liberal proíbe o aperfeiçoamento genético e permite, sem prescrever, o tratamento genético, esse estudo vai investigar a compatibilidade entre elas. Avaliar a eugenia liberal com base na justiça distributiva conduz a posições normativas, porém permissivas em relação ao que Habermas pretendia, pois o aperfeiçoamento genético pode ser inclusive exigido por questões de justiça. Entretanto, a especificidade dos bens naturais primários, especialmente o que se inclui no aperfeiçoamento genético, pode comprometer a neutralidade do Estado e aproximar a posição resultante de uma abordagem focada na justiça distributiva daquela desenvolvida por Habermas em ZMN, principalmente porque essa especificidade indica que, de fato, pode haver uma contradição inerente no pensamento liberal.This works intends to reconstruct and to evaluate the Habermasian argumentative strategy against liberal eugenics in his book Der Zukunft der menschlichen Natur and carry out a external evaluation based on Rawls' considerations about distributive justice, resorting to some aspects Rawls' justice as fairness and the distinction between concrete and formal principles of justice of Chäim Perelman. The Habermasian argumentative strategy against liberal eugenics received a considerable quantity of objections, some of which he answered in other opportunities. The critics accuse Habermas to commit to an ontology of values, to genetic determinism, to causal unproven connections, to hardly understands the the practice of the attribution of responsibility. It looks to show what the strategy argumentative does not compromise with any kind of reductionism, although it is recognized that the argument leaves from not demonstrated certain suppositions. The Habermasian argumentative strategy in ZMN show one somatic aspect of the human freedom up, what remove him of the conception of transcendental freedom of Kant, reason for which the present study carries out a comparative study between the conceptions of freedom of Habermas, Kant, and Adorno. Even that the conception of freedom in ZMN indicates some breaks between Habermas' and Kant's thought, the present study also tries to carry out some approximations between the thoughts of both in others aspects. As far as distributive justice is concerned, it is looked to emphasize what the assumptions of the justice as fairness that are affected by the recent progress in the field of the genetic engineering and which are your principal normative implications. The analysis of the effect to the assumptions of the justice as fairness suggests which genetic interventions should be included in the list of primary natural goods, in order to compensate for social arbitrary inequalities of a moral point of view. However, the normative position of Habermas against liberal eugenics prohibits the genetic improvement, allow but do not prescribe the genetic treatment. This study looks to evaluate the compatibility between the position based on considerations of distributive justice and that of Habermas in ZMN. To evaluate liberal eugenics on basis of distributive justice leads to normative positions more permissive than Habermas was intending, the genetic improvement can including being demanded like question of justice. Meantime, the peculiarity of the natural primary goods, specially what is included in the genetic improvement can compromise the neutrality of the State and bring near the resultant position of an approach focused in the distributive justice of that developed one for Habermas in ZMN, because this peculiarity indicates that in fact there can be a inherent contradiction in the liberal thought, when it advocates the liberal eugenics
an Article on the History of Domestic Animal Illnesses
Deckblatt-Impressum
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Einleitung
Material und Methodik
Altertum (um 3000 v.Chr.- etwa 500 n.Chr.)
Mittelalter (um 500 n. Chr. - etwa 1500)
Neuzeit (1500) bis etwa 1945
Etwa 1945 bis zur Gegenwart
Zusammenfassende Diskussion
Zusammenfassung
Summary
Literaturverzeichnis
Abbildungsverzeichnis
Abkürzungsverzeichnis
Danksagung
SelbständigkeitserklärungIn der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Entwicklung der Erkenntnisse über die
Hufrehe des Pferdes von Beginn der ersten schriftlichen Überlieferungen bis
heute dargestellt. Die unterschiedlichen Meinungen von Praktikern,
Wissenschaftlern und auch Laien sowie die Probleme und Irrtümer, die während
der Auseinandersetzung mit dieser bedeutsamen Gliedmaßenerkrankungen des
Pferdes auftreten, werden vor dem Hintergrund des wissenschaftlichen
Kenntnistandes und kultureller Aspekte der verschiedenen Zeitabschnitte
beleuchtet. Im einzelnen richtet sich die Betrachtung auf das Wesen der
Hufrehe, auf die Ätiologie, die Pathogenese, die Diagnostik sowie auf die
Therapie, Prophylaxe und Prognose der Hufrehe. Anhand historischer Quellen
wird deutlich, dass das Verständnis im Hinblick auf die Erkrankung stark von
dem jeweiligen Zeitgeist und dem wissenschaftlichen Kenntnisstand geprägt ist.
Insbesondere die Auffassung über das Wesen der Rehe unterliegt im Laufe der
Zeiten selbst in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten einem starken Wandel.
Erwähnungen über die Hufrehe lassen sich bis ins Altertum zurückverfolgen,
wobei die Aussagen über das Krankheitsbild zum Teil recht unspezifisch sind.
Aus derzeitigen Literaturstellen ist jedoch klar ersichtlich, dass bereits
verschiedene Formen der Hufrehe unterschieden wurden. Die Ätiologie und
Pathogenese der Hufrehe ist bis heute nicht vollständig geklärt. Aufgrund
fehlender Kenntnisse über die Anatomie und Physiologie existierten zu
altertümlichen und mittelalterlichen Zeiten zahlreiche Erklärungsmodelle und
Theorien. Vor allem der Einfluss des Aberglaubens und die vorherrschende
religiöse Befangenheit behinderten die Entwicklung des wissenschaftlichen
Erkenntnisprozesses im Mittelalter, so dass auch die derzeitigen
Behandlungsmethoden aus heutiger Sicht dementsprechend abenteuerlich
erscheinen. Dabei wird die therapeutische Ohnmacht im Zeitalter der
empirischen Herangehensweise klar ersichtlich. Während altertümliches und
mittelalterliches Schriftgut zum Thema noch recht spärlich sind, nehmen die
historischen Quellen mit der Verbreitung des Buchduckes zu. Mit Gründung der
Hochschulen in der zweiten Hälft des 18. Jahrhunderts ging eine stärkere
Verbreitung wissenschaftlicher Literatur einher. Ab der zweiten Hälfte des 19.
Jahrhunderts erschienen viele Abhandlungen über die Rehe in Form von
Monographien, Beiträgen in Fachzeitschriften und Lehrbüchern, die durch neue
pathologisch-anatomische Erkenntnisse und vielseitige Untersuchungen einen
wesentlichen Beitrag zur Klärung der Ätiologie und des Krankheitsverlaufes
beitragen konnten. Die unterschiedlichen Auffassungen über die Pathogenese und
Therapie, die sich zum Teil sogar diametral gegenüberstehen, werden im Rahmen
dieser Arbeit diskutiert. Wissenschaftliche und technische Neuerungen trieben
im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert den Erkenntnisprozess über das Wesen und die
Pathogenese der Rehe voran und eröffneten neue Möglichkeiten hinsichtlich der
Diagnostik und Therapie der Erkrankung. Die Hufrehe bleibt bis heute eine der
bedeutendsten Erkrankungen des Pferdes, deren Heilung sich trotz neuer
Erkenntnisse und Therapiemöglichkeiten oftmals als schwierig erweist. Aus
diesem Grunde fällt der Prophylaxe der Hufrehe damals wie heute eine ganz
besondere Bedeutung zu.This dissertation investigates the development of knowledge about laminitis in
horses from the earliest written evidence to the present day. The differing
opinions of practitioners, scientists and laymen, as well as the problems and
errors which arise during the examination of this significant horse-limb
disease, will be highlighted in the context of the scientific understanding
and the cultural aspects of different eras. Using historical sources, the
dissertation relates the knowledge of the nature of laminitis, its etiology,
its pathogenesis, and its diagnosis, as well as its treatment, its prophylaxis
and its prognosis, to the spirit of the various ages and the scientific
knowledge which existed at the time. Over time, and even during the past few
decades, the understanding of the nature of laminitis has undergone
significant change. The first evidence of the disease can be traced back to
ancient times, although early reports concerning its symptoms were, in some
cases, neither clear nor specific. Nevertheless, it is clear that, even in
those days, people were able to distinguish between different forms of the
disease. Even today, the etiology and pathogenesis of laminitis is not
entirely clear. In ancient times and in the middle ages, a lack of knowledge
about anatomy and physiology resulted in numerous explanations and theories.
In particular, in the middle ages, the influence of superstition and religious
constraints hindered the development of scientific knowledge. Accordingly,
today the methods of treatment of the time seem quite adventurous , and make
the lack of treatments which exist in today s empirical age all the more
evident. While written sources from ancient times and the middle ages are
comparatively rare, things changed with the advent of printing. The founding
of universities in the second half of the 18th century resulted in the spread
of scientific literature. Since the beginning of the second half of the 19th
century, many articles on laminitis have been published, in the form of
monographs and articles in specialist magazines and teaching books. These
contained new pathological-anatomical findings and more wide-ranging
investigations which could make a considerable contribution to the
clarification of the etiology and course of the disease. The dissertation
discusses the different opinions some of which are diametrically opposed
concerning the pathogenesis and treatment of laminitis. In the 19th and 20th
century, scientific and technical innovations contributed to a better
understanding of the nature and the pathogenesis of laminitis and offered new
possibilities for diagnosis and treatments. Laminitis remains one of the major
diseases of the horse and, despite new discoveries and new therapeutic
possibilities, it is still difficult to cure. Accordingly, the prophylaxis of
laminitis is still of great importance today
Private Schools in Germany: Attendance up, but Not Among the Children of Less Educated Parents
The percentage of children attending private school in Germany has increased sharply in recent years. According to data of the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP), 7% of all students now attend private school. The SOEP, which contains a range of household data, shows that the children of parents with a university entry degree ("Abitur") are more likely to attend private school than those with less educated parents. This trend has become more pronounced in recent years: between 1997 and 2007, the percentage of students with better-educated parents attending private school increased by 77%. By contrast, the corresponding increase for students with less-educated parents was only 12%. Multivariate analyses demonstrate that increasing selection in favor of better-educated groups is particularly evident at the secondary school level. At the primary school level, full-time employment of the mother and regional factors significantly increase the chances of private school attendance. Educational policy should focus on preventing children from better-educated groups from leaving the public school system. If competition among schools is to be encouraged as a matter of policy, efforts should also be made to ensure less educated families consider sending their children to private schools.Private schools, Selection
Binding energies of hydrogen-like impurities in a semiconductor in intense terahertz laser fields
A detailed theoretical study is presented for the influence of linearly
polarised intense terahertz (THz) laser radiation on energy states of
hydrogen-like impurities in semiconductors. The dependence of the binding
energy for 1s and 2p states on intensity and frequency of the THz radiation has
been examined.Comment: 14 pages, 4 figure
As respostas de Habermas e Rawls às objeções de tipo hegeliano à ética de Kant
This study aims to examine to what extent the reformulation of Kantian ethics, undertaken by Habermas and Rawls, could answer the objections of the Hegelian kind unleashed against the ethics of Kant. The conception of justice developed by Rawls in his books A Theory of Justice and Political Liberalism has been the target of criticism from thinkers in various domains, including communitarians, among the main objections are that it is committed to a atomistic concept of person and to a contractarian conception of society. Habermas himself, in his book Erläuterungen zur Diskursethik looks for to examine whether the objections of Hegelian kind apply to the Kant's ethics or the ethics of speech
Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam): why we need it and what it is about
Das Ziel des Schwerpunktprogramms ist die theoretische, methodische und empirische Fortentwicklung der Erforschung der Beziehungs- und Familienentwicklung. Auf der Grundlage einer soziologisch und psychologisch erweiterten und integrierten Theorie der rationalen Wahl, die eine durch kognitive, emotionale und kulturell-normative Vorgaben begrenzte und gerahmte Rationalität individueller Akteure unterstellt, werden folgende Aspekte der Beziehungs- und Familienentwicklung im Zeitverlauf modelliert und empirisch untersucht: die Etablierung und Gestaltung von Paarbeziehungen, die Familiengründung und -erweiterung, die Gestaltung intergenerationaler Beziehungen und die (In-)Stabilität von Paarbeziehungen. Dazu bedarf es einer langfristig angelegten Panelerhebung bei einer umfangreichen Stichprobe zur Erfassung von prospektiven Längsschnittdaten. Den Hintergrund liefern Diagnosen sich wandelnder Lebensformen, die gesunkene Heiratsneigung und Fertilität sowie die gestiegene Instabilität von ehelichen und nicht-ehelichen Partnerschaften. Daher werden die situationalen und motivationalen Voraussetzungen und die Konsequenzen entsprechender Entscheidungs- und Entwicklungsprozesse in der Zeit verfolgt, um die wechselseitigen Einflussbeziehungen im Lebenslauf der Akteure adäquat abzubilden. Da familiäre Prozesse erst angemessen unter Berücksichtigung ihrer Einbettung in andere Lebensbezüge und soziale Beziehungsnetze rekonstruiert werden können, ist auch eine Analyse relevanter sozialer Kontexte im Rahmen eines Mehrebenendesigns unabdingbar. Schließlich sind die Entwicklungsbedingungen der nachwachsenden Generation vor dem biographischen Hintergrund ihrer Eltern und den aktuellen Ressourcen und Optionen in den Blick zu nehmen, um die intergenerationalen Beziehungen und Fragen der intergenerationalen Transmission familialer Verhaltensweisen adäquat untersuchen zu können. (ICH2
Analysing Transitions in Intimate Relationships with Panel Data
Panel data on intimate relationships are becoming increasingly available, enabling a closer examination and deeper understanding of why and how they develop over time. The aim of this review is to illustrate to what extent demographic research has made progress in understanding the dynamics of intimate relationships by examining panel data. We focus on hypotheses about key transitions throughout the progression of intimate relationships, ranging from union formation up to cohabitation, marriage, divorce and repartnering. For every hypothesis, we will present findings from cross-sectional data and illustrate whether the use of panel data and longitudinal methods modified the previous understandings of transitions in intimate relationships.
* This article belongs to a special issue on "Identification of causal mechanisms in demographic research: The contribution of panel data"
- …