FATORES DE RISCO PARA O CÂNCER GÁSTRICO EM GRUPOS DE CLASSE SÓCIOECONÔMICO BAIXA: REVISÃO LITERARIA

Introdução: O câncer gástrico se caracteriza pelo crescimento desordenado das células que compõem a parede gástrica. Entende-se como risco a possibilidade que um indivíduo saudável, exposto a elementos ambientais, sociais, nutricionais e econômicos tem de contrair algum tipo de doença. Objetivo: Descrever os principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do câncer gástrico em sociedade de baixo nível socioeconômico. Materiais e Métodos: Revisão literária realizada no 2º semestre de 2014. A seleção dos artigos foi conduzida com a procura por temas que relatassem em seu conteúdo as palavras chave do estudo. Câncer gástrico, fatores de risco para câncer gástrico, predisposição para câncer gástrico. Adotou-se como critério, a aplicação de artigos na íntegra e que tivessem sido publicados entre os anos de 1997 a 2014. Resultados: Os fatores de risco do câncer gástrico estão relacionados com hábitos alimentares, costumes do meio social e cultural. Sendo uma patologia com diagnósticos tardios e conseqüentemente tratamento ineficaz. Conclusão: Foi evidenciado que a incidência de câncer gástrico está intimamente ligada à má alimentação, aos maus hábitos, tais como o tabagismo, processos infecciosos causado pela bactéria Helicobacter Pylori e com maiores índices em sociedades de baixo nível socioeconômico. Palavras-chave: câncer gástrico, fatores de risco para câncer gástrico, predisposição para câncer gástric

Confiabilidade teste-reteste da baropodometria em indivíduos jovens assintomáticos durante análise semi estática e dinâmica

Introduction: Postural control is a multidimensional construct modulated by the integration of sensory information and muscular activity. One of the challenges in clinical practice and scientific research is the postural data collection of objective control data. Thus, baropodometry can be a promising instrument for analysis. Objective: To evaluate the absolute and relative reliability of baropodometry by means of test-retest in young asymptomatic subjects during semi-static and dynamic analysis. Methods: This is a methodological study, approved by the Research Ethics Committee of UFJF (1,803,411). Sample selection was performed by convenience. Healthy individuals aged 18 to 35 years were included in the study without gender restriction. Participants with pain or any clinical signs of overload which led to unfeasible collection were excluded from the analysis. The variables analyzed were contact surface, maximum and mean pressure, index bow, pressure center and pressure areas in the forefoot, midfoot and hindfoot. Results: 33 individuals (total of 66 feet) participated in this study. The mean body mass of the participants was 63.0 ± 9.9kg, height of 163.4 ± 30.1cm, BMI of 23.7 ± 2.8 kg/m2. It was observed that five out of the eight variables evaluated in the semi-static analysis presented high reliability (≥ 0.70). On the other hand, the reproducibility of the measures in the dynamic analysis was low to moderate (≤ 0.69). Conclusion: Baropodometry findings should be interpreted with caution in clinical practice and in scientific research. It is suggested that complementary assessments be made for decision-making assistance.Introdução: O controle postural é um constructo multidimensional modulado pela integração de informações sensoriais e atividade muscular. Um dos desafios na prática clínica e em pesquisas científicas é a obtenção de dados objetivos do controle postural. Baseando-se nessa premissa, a baropodometria pode ser um instrumento promissor para esta análise. Objetivo: Avaliar a confiabilidade absoluta e relativa por meio de teste-reteste da baropodometria em indivíduos jovens assintomáticos durante análise semi estática e dinâmica. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo metodológico, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em pesquisa da UFJF (parecer 1.803.411). A seleção da amostra foi por conveniência. Foram incluídos indivíduos hígidos de 18 a 35 anos sem restrição de gênero e excluídos participantes com queixa álgica ou qualquer sinal clínico de sobrecarga que inviabilizasse a coleta. As variáveis analisadas foram superfície de contato, pressão máxima e média, arco index, centro de pressão e as áreas de pressão no antepé, mediopé e retropé. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 33 indivíduos (66 pés). A média de massa corporal dos participantes foi de 63,0 ± 9,9 kg, estatura de 163,4 ± 30,1 cm, IMC de 23,7 ± 2,8 kg/m2 e número do calçado 38,0 ± 2,1. Observamos que das oito variáveis avaliadas na análise semi estática, cinco apresentaram confiabilidade alta (CCI ≥ 0.70). Por outro lado, a reprodutibilidade das medidas na análise dinâmica foi de baixa à moderada (CCI ≤ 0.69). Conclusão: Os achados da baropodometria devem ser interpretados com cautela na prática clínica e em pesquisa científica. Sugere-se que sejam realizadas avaliações complementares para o auxílio de tomada de decisões

Validity analysis of one-repetition maximum strength test for determining the hamstrings-to-quadriceps ratio

One of the approaches to evaluate injury prediction is the hamstrings-to-quadriceps peak torque conventional ratio (H:Q ratio). The gold standard for assessment of muscle strength in vivo is by isokinetic dynamometry; however, the one-repetition maximum strength test (1-RM) presents high correlation with isokinetic data. This study aimed to compare measures of H:Q ratio in young adults obtained by dynamometry and 1-RM testing. No significant differences were observed in the H:Q ratio when comparing 1-RM and dynamometry testing. However, there was a significant and strong correlation between the measurements obtained in the two tests. Despite this correlation, data from both tests are not equal as the H:Q ratio obtained from 1-RM test presents a systematic error. Nonetheless, the results can enhance the applicability of 1-RM test in clinical settings.

Adhesión de mujeres mayores a un programa de ejercicios domicilarios post-entrenamiento ambulatorio

Practice of therapeutic exercises for older adults aims at better functional performance. It is an everyday practice on physiotherapy, the prescription of home exercises; although its effectiveness depends on adhesion, which is usually very low. The aim of the study was to evaluate older women ́s adhesion to and retention in a home program and to identify the factors associated with this practice. This study is exploratory and observational, n=96 older women, (71.3 years old ±5.16) subjected to a program of home exercises. Clinical and functional measures were applied with an adhesion questionnaire to identify motivational factors and barriers. Retention rate was 86% and adhesion was 36%, with a minimum frequency of 85%. Regression models applied were not significant and comparative static analysis between groups verified a high occurrence of negative factors. Correlation absence between worse functional and physical performance with low adhesion highlights such outcome is complex, has multi factors and should also be explored regarding social, emotional and cultural aspects.A prática de exercícios terapêuticos por idosos visa melhorar o desempenho funcional. A prescrição de exercícios domiciliares é uma prática rotineira na fisioterapia, mas sua efetividade depende da adesão dos idosos, que frequentemente é muito baixa. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a adesão e retenção de idosas a um programa domiciliar e identificar os fatores associados a essa prática. Este estudo é observacional exploratório, composto por 96 idosas, (71,3±5,16 anos) submetidas a um programa de exercícios em casa. Foram avaliadas medidas clínicas, funcionais e um questionário de adesão para identificar os fatores motivadores e as barreiras. A taxa de retenção foi de 86% e a de adesão foi de 36%, com o mínimo de 85% de frequência. Os modelos de regressão aplicados não foram significativos, e nas análises estatísticas comparativas entre grupos foi verificada alta incidência de fatores negativos. A ausência de correlação entre pior desempenho funcional e físico com a baixa adesão evidencia que esse desfecho é complexo e multifatorial, e deve ser explorado também sob aspectos sociais, emocionais e culturais

Adhesion of older women to a home exercise program post ambulatory training

A prática de exercícios terapêuticos por idosos visa melhorar o desempenho funcional. A prescrição de exercícios domiciliares é uma prática rotineira na fisioterapia, mas sua efetividade depende da adesão dos idosos, que frequentemente é muito baixa. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a adesão e retenção de idosas a um programa domiciliar e identificar os fatores associados a essa prática. Este estudo é observacional exploratório, composto por 96 idosas, (71,3±5,16 anos) submetidas a um programa de exercícios em casa. Foram avaliadas medidas clínicas, funcionais e um questionário de adesão para identificar os fatores motivadores e as barreiras. A taxa de retenção foi de 86% e a de adesão foi de 36%, com o mínimo de 85% de frequência. Os modelos de regressão aplicados não foram significativos, e nas análises estatísticas comparativas entre grupos foi verificada alta incidência de fatores negativos. A ausência de correlação entre pior desempenho funcional e físico com a baixa adesão evidencia que esse desfecho é complexo e multifatorial, e deve ser explorado também sob aspectos sociais, emocionais e culturais.La práctica de ejercicios terapéuticos para mayores pretende mejorar el desempeño funcional. La prescripción de ejercicios domiciliarios es una práctica rutinera en la fisioterapia, pero su eficacia depende de la adhesión de los mayores, que a menudo es baja. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la adhesión y retención de mujeres mayores a un programa domiciliario e identificar los factores asociados a esta práctica. Este estudio es observacional exploratorio, formado por 96 mujeres mayores (71,3±5,16 años) sometidas a un programa de ejercicios en casa. Se evaluaron las medidas clínicas, funcionales y un cuestionario de adhesión para identificar los factores motivadores y las barreras. La tasa de retención fue del 86% y la de adhesión fue del del 36%, con un mínimo del 85% de frecuencia. Los modelos de regresión aplicados no fueron significativos y en los análisis estadísticos comparativos entre grupos se comprobó alta incidencia de factores negativos. La ausencia de correlación entre peor desempeño funcional y físico con la baja adhesión demuestra que este resultado es complejo y multifactorial, y que debe ser explorado también en los aspectos sociales, emocionales y culturales.Practice of therapeutic exercises for older adults aims at better functional performance. It is an everyday practice on physiotherapy, the prescription of home exercises; although its effectiveness depends on adhesion, which is usually very low. The aim of the study was to evaluate older women´s adhesion to and retention in a home program and to identify the factors associated with this practice. This study is exploratory and observational, n=96 older women, (71.3 years old ±5.16) subjected to a program of home exercises. Clinical and functional measures were applied with an adhesion questionnaire to identify motivational factors and barriers. Retention rate was 86% and adhesion was 36%, with a minimum frequency of 85%. Regression models applied were not significant and comparative static analysis between groups verified a high occurrence of negative factors. Correlation absence between worse functional and physical performance with low adhesion highlights such outcome is complex, has multi factors and should also be explored regarding social, emotional and cultural aspects

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Análise da confiabilidade do teste clínico de queda do navicular

Introdução: A utilização de medidas confiáveis e práticas são necessárias para a tomada de decisões clínicas.O Teste da Queda do Navicular (TQN) fornece informações importantes na avaliação dos membros inferiores. Assim, os objetivos do presente estudo foram verificar a confiabilidade do TQN, conforme realizado na clínica, e analisar uma forma de minimizar a interferência do avaliador. Materiais e métodos: Participaram do estudo 15 indivíduos (30 pés), selecionados por conveniência. O TQN foi aplicado de forma independente por dois examinadores experientes na realização do teste, o qual foi realizado apenas uma vez em cada pé, utilizando-se um paquímetro de plástico. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos dados. Para avaliação da confiabilidade inter examinadores, foi utilizado o índice de correlação intraclasse (ICCe#8322;,e#8321;) e a discrepância das medidas entre avaliadores foi analisada pelo erro típico da medição. Resultados: A média e o desvio padrão para o primeiro e segundo examinador foram 8,7 ± 5,3 e 9,7 ± 4,7 milímetros. O teste apresentou excelente confiabilidade interexaminador (ICC = 0,93). O erro típico da medição foi 2,16 milímetros. Conclusão: Os procedimentos para minimizar a interferência do avaliador resultaram, contraditoriamente, em uma piora dos índices de confiabilidade. O TQN pode ser simplificado por meio do uso de instrumentos comuns na clínica e registrado a partir de uma única medida. Mesmo apresentando boa confiabilidade, o TQN apresenta um erro típico da medida, que deve ser levado em consideração para a tomada de decisão. Mudanças no teste, por vezes necessárias em um ambiente clínico, deverão ser analisadas quanto à conservação de suas propriedades

Effectiveness interventions used to change Diabetes Mellitus type 2 patient’s behavior: a systematic review protocol of the effects on self-management and glycemic control

Summary Diabetes is a public health issue worldwide. It has a global pandemic status with over 400 million people suffering from the disease worldwide, and its prevalence continues to increase every year. This systematic review will assess the effectiveness of diabetes self-management educations associated with improvement of self-management and glycemic control of adults with Type 2 diabetes. Our key research questions are: Question 1: What are the characteristics of interventions to change the behavior used most often in the treatment of patients with diabetes type 2? Question 2: What are the types of interventions to change the behavior more used in the treatment of diabetes type 2 patients? Literature search will be performed using four electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Cochrane Library, LILACS from the date of database inception (06 January 2020) to current. The search strategy was developed in MEDLINE, peer-reviewed and translated to accommodate the search terminologies of the other databases. The search will not be limited to language and date. Inclusion criteria: - 18 years old or over - diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Exclusion criteria: - Type 1 diabetes - Gestational diabetes - Patients in hospital inpatient settings, We will include trials that evaluated the effectiveness of a self-management intervention in adults with Type 2 DM. Nature of interventions: self-management intervention. Self-management interventions include diet, exercise, medication or insulin management, blood glucose monitoring and attending clinical consultations. Usual care will be any kind of diabetes treatment without behavioral intervention or waitlist. The primary outcomes are changes in objective clinical parameters from baseline to the last available follow-up from baseline, which include: 1. Self-management behavior measured by any validated instrument; 2. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) level; Data will be extracted from papers included in the review by two independent reviewers. The results of these processes will then be discussed between reviewers, and any disagreements regarding study selection will be raised with a third independent reviewer, who will be blinded to the judgements of the first and second reviewers, and who will hold the right to make the final decision.The selected studies will be recorded by exporting and storing the relevant references using Mendeley Desktop software. Data regarding study design and methodology, and data regarding participant demographics and treatment outcomes (including effect sizes) will then be extracted from the relevant studies by the reviewer, and exported into a table in a Microsoft Word document. The method of combining individual study data will involve manually tabulating the relevant extracted data using Microsoft Word software. The data extracted will include specific details about the interventions, populations, data regarding participant demographics and treatment outcomes (including effect sizes), study methods and outcomes of significance to the review question and specific objectives. Two authors will independently review risk of bias for the randomized controlled trials using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool, which includes seven domains of potential bias (bias arising from the randomization process, bias due to deviation from intended intervention, bias due to missing outcomes data, bias in measurement of the outcome and bias in selection of the reported result) and overall risk of bias categorization. Disagreements between the review authors over the risk of bias in particular studies will be resolved by discussion, with the involvement of a third review author where necessary. This systematic review will include a qualitative synthesis, which will provide information, both in the text and in the tables, to summarize included studies results. Data extracted from included studies will be synthesized statistically using meta-analytic techniques if studies are sufficiently homogeneous in relation to interventions and outcomes. Data synthesis will be performed according to the statistical guidelines provided in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins and Green 2011). Will be conducted analyses to explore associations between self-management intervention content and changes in HbA1c. If the required data are available, subgroup analyses will be carried out for the following subgroups: 1. Time of diagnostic: more than 10 years and less than 10 years. 2. Age: (<65 years versus older) 3. Baseline glycemic control: HbA1C of less than 7% and 7% or higher. 4. Type of intervention

Does the intensity of pain and disability affect health-related quality of life of older adults with back pain?:Multilevel analysis between Brazil and Netherlands: a cross-sectional study of the BACE consortium

BACKGROUND: The prognosis of back pain (BP) in the older adults is less favorable than in younger adults and progress to adverse outcomes and consequent worsening of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The present study aimed to verify the association between BP intensity, disability and HRQoL in older adults residents in Brazil and Netherlands, and to evaluate whether the country of residence influences the associations.METHODS: Data were collected from 602 Brazilian and 675 Dutch participants with a new episode of BP from the Back Complaints in Elders (BACE) consortium. For the present study, a cross section was used. Pain intensity and disability were assessed using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), respectively. HRQoL was assessed using the Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) quality of life questionnaire. Age, sex, and education were descriptive variables. Pain intensity (NPS score) and country were the independent variables and quality of life assessed by each SF domain - 36 was the dependent variable. Analysis of models at the individual level was performed to verify the association between pain and disability, also HRQoL in Netherlands and Brazil in the total sample. The multilevel model was used to verify whether the older adults person's country of residence influenced this relationship.RESULTS: The average age of the participants was 67.00 (7.33) years. In the total sample, linear regression analysis adjusted for sex and age showed a significant association between BP intensity scores and HRQoL, for all domains. There was no association between disability and HRQoL. In the multilevel analysis, there was an association between BP intensity and HRQoL in all domains and an association between the country of residence and HRQoL, influencing the effect of pain, in all domains, except for the physical functioning.CONCLUSION: Socioeconomic and cultural aspects of different countries can affect the perception of the elderly about their HRQoL in the presence of BP. Pain and disability in Brazilian and Dutch older adults ones are experienced differently in relation to their HRQoL.</p