A digital global map of irrigated areas : an update for Asia

The Land and Water Development Division of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany, are cooperating in the development of a global irrigation-mapping facility. This report describes an update of the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas for the continent of Asia. For this update, an inventory of subnational irrigation statistics for the continent was compiled. The reference year for the statistics is 2000. Adding up the irrigated areas per country as documented in the report gives a total of 188.5 million ha for the entire continent. The total number of subnational units used in the inventory is 4 428. In order to distribute the irrigation statistics per subnational unit, digital spatial data layers and printed maps were used. Irrigation maps were derived from project reports, irrigation subsector studies, and books related to irrigation and drainage. These maps were digitized and compared with satellite images of many regions. In areas without spatial information on irrigated areas, additional information was used to locate areas where irrigation is likely, such as land-cover and land-use maps that indicate agricultural areas or areas with crops that are usually grown under irrigation. Contents 1. Working Report I: Generation of a map of administrative units compatible with statistics used to update the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas in Asia 2. Working Report II: The inventory of subnational irrigation statistics for the Asian part of the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas 3. Working Report III: Geospatial information used to locate irrigated areas within the subnational units in the Asian part of the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas 4. Working Report IV: Update of the Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas in Asia, Results Map

A digital global map of artificially drained agricultural areas : documentation

Artificial drainage of agricultural land, for example with ditches or drainage tubes, is used to avoid water logging and to manage high groundwater tables. Among other impacts it influences the nutrient balances by increasing leaching losses and by decreasing denitrification. To simulate terrestrial transport of nitrogen on the global scale, a digital global map of artificially drained agricultural areas was developed. The map depicts the percentage of each 5’ by 5’ grid cell that is equipped for artificial drainage. Information on artificial drainage in countries or sub-national units was mainly derived from international inventories. Distribution to grid cells was based, for most countries, on the "Global Croplands Dataset" of Ramankutty et al. (1998) and the "Digital Global Map of Irrigation Areas" of Siebert et al. (2005). For some European countries the CORINE land cover dataset was used instead of the both datasets mentioned above. Maps with outlines of artificially drained areas were available for 6 countries. The global drainage area on the map is 167 Mio hectares. For only 11 out of the 116 countries with information on artificial drainage areas, sub-national information could be taken into account. Due to this coarse spatial resolution of the data sources, we recommended to use the map of artificially drained areas only for continental to global scale assessments. This documentation describes the dataset, the data sources and the map generation, and it discusses the data uncertainty.Landwirtschaftliche Drainagen, z.B. durch Gräben oder unterirdische Dränrohre, werden angewandt um hohe Grundwasserstände zu kontrollieren und damit einhergehende Vernässung und Versalzung des Bodens zu vermeiden. Neben anderen Faktoren beeinflussen Drainagen die Nährstoffbilanz durch Erhöhung der Stickstoffauswaschung sowie Veringerung von Denitrifikation. Um den terrestrischen Stickstofftransport simulieren zu können, wurde ein globaler Datensatz der landwirtschaftlichen Dränageflächen in einer Auflösung von 5' x 5' erstellt. Die Karte zeigt den Anteil der Zellflächen mit künstlicher Drainage. Daten zu Drainageflächen in Ländern sowie subnationalen Einheiten wurden mit globalen Datensätzen zur Verteilung der landwirtschaftlichen Flächen (Ramankutty et al., 1998) sowie zur Verteilung bewässerter Flächen (Siebert et al., 2005) kombiniert. Für 11 Länder konnten subnationale Statistiken zur Dränagefläche verwendet werden. Karten mit Umrissen der Dränageflächen standen für sechs Länder zur Verfügung. Insgesamt wurden global 167 Mio ha Fläche als landwirtschaftliche Dränageflächen ausgewiesen. Auf Grund der geringen Auflösung der Eingangsdaten wird die Verwendung des Datensatzes nur für globale oder kontinentale Studien empfohlen. Dieser Bericht beschreibt den Datensatz selbst, die Methodik zur Erzeugung des Datensatzes sowie die Informationsquellen und diskutiert die Unsicherheit

Artifacts of a Pink Childhood

None provided

Impact of drug-gene-disease interactions and diurnal variation on exogenous and endogenous renal transporter substrates : a physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling approach

Adverse drug reactions depict one of the leading causes of death in developed countries and can often be attributed to drug-drug, drug-gene and drug-disease interactions. However, due to the very large number of combinations and ethical concerns, coverage of all real-world scenarios in clinical studies is infeasible and therefore, treatment guidelines cannot reflect all patients. Especially regarding the involvement of renal membrane transporters in drug pharmacokinetics and related efficacy and safety, knowledge gaps exist. Whole-body physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are valuable tools to tackle the problem of studying complex drug-gene-disease interaction scenarios and to provide personalized treatment options. In this thesis, comprehensive PBPK models of the renal transporter inhibitors trimethoprim, pyrimethamine and cimetidine as well as of the clinical substrate metformin and the endogenous substrates creatinine and N1-methylnicotinamide have been built and thoroughly evaluated. Models have been successfully applied to describe and predict the effect of drug-gene-disease interactions and diurnal variation on (pharmaco-)kinetics of the exogenous and endogenous renal transporter substrates within an interaction network, also including hypothesis generation and testing. The newly developed models can support future investigations during drug development or calculation of dose adaptations, to facilitate an effective and safe pharmacotherapy for patients.Unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen gehören zu den häufigsten Todesursachen in Industriestaaten und lassen sich oft auf unterschiedliche Arzneimittelinteraktionen zurückzuführen. Aufgrund der großen Vielfalt denkbarer Interaktionsszenarien sowie ethischer Bedenken ist es nicht möglich, alle möglichen Fälle in klinischen Studien abzudecken. Therapieleitlinien können daher nicht alle Patienten berücksichtigen. Ein aktuelles Forschungsthema ist die Untersuchung des Einflusses von renalen Membrantransportern auf die Pharmakologie und damit verbundene Wirksamkeit und Sicherheit von Arzneistoffen. Physiologie-basierte Pharmakokinetik Modellierung ist hier ein wertvolles Instrument, um komplexe Arzneimittelinteraktionen abzubilden und personalisierte Therapieoptionen zu ermöglichen. In dieser Arbeit wurden, mit Fokus auf Nierentransporter, umfassende Physiologie-basierte Pharmakokinetik Modelle der Arzneistoffe Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamin, Cimetidin (jeweils Hemmstoffe) und Metformin (Substrat) sowie der endogenen Substrate Kreatinin und N1-Methylnicotinamid entwickelt. Mit Hilfe dieser Modelle konnten Effekte von komplexen Interaktionen als auch von zirkadianer Rhythmik auf die (Pharmako-)Kinetik der exogenen und endogenen Substrate beschrieben und vorhergesagt werden. Die neuen Modelle können zukünftig zur Unterstützung in der Arzneimittelentwicklung sowie zur Berechnung von Dosisanpassungen herangezogen werden, um zu einer wirksamen und sicheren Therapie beizutragen

An Evaluation of the Lithologies and Geochemistry of the Upper Beaver Deposit of the Kirkland Lake Area

The Upper Beaver Cu-Au deposit contains a unique style of mineralization in the Larder Lake and Kirkland Lake areas in terms of mineralization, alteration style, and age. This study aims to use company-provided data, supplemented with focused data collection, to evaluate what information can be attained from company-provided geochemical data. The evaluation uses a combination of hand sample, petrographic, geochemical, statistical, and microprobe analytical methods. Lithogeochemical analyses indicated that the altered igneous host rock is calc-alkaline in composition and is most likely part of the diorite-monzonite suite. Further, exploratory data analysis of Au and Cu mineralization identified that there are two distinct styles of mineralization in the deposit, including: (1) a Cu-rich style of mineralization and (2) a Mo-rich style. SR-XRF trace element mapping shows that the two styles of mineralization also differ at the microscopic scale

Application of yttrium coatings on chromium- base alloys by metalliding Final report

Electroplating and vacuum evaporation of yttrium oxide-chromium oxide coating of chromium alloys for nitrogen embrittlement protectio