The sizes of the exchangeable pools of selenium in elderly women and their relation to institutionalization

Exchangeable pools of Se after an intravenous injection of 74Se-enriched isotope as sodium selenite were measured in two groups (n 9) of elderly women (free-living aged 64-82 years and institutionalized aged 68-82 years), and a comparison group (n 9) of young women aged 31-40 years to evaluate the effect of age and institutionalization on Se reserves. Dietary Se intake was not different among the three groups. Plasma Se and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) levels were significantly lower in the institutionalized elderly women (P < 0.05). In each of the three groups, two pools were determined from our model. The size of the first pool and the sum of the two pools were lower in the group of institutionalized elderly women than in the other two groups. The significant correlation between plasma Se level and total Se pool size (r 0.66, P < 0.01) indicated that this last variable could serve as a new marker of Se status. Finally, these data suggest that the Se status of elderly women is more related to lifestyle, in terms of institutionalization or not, than to age per s

Membrane Reactor Based on Hybrid Nanomaterials for Process Intensification of Catalytic Hydrogenation Reaction: an Example of Reduction of the Environmental Footprint of Chemical Synthesis from a Batch to a Continuous Flow Chemistry Process

Membrane processes represent a well matured technology for water treatment with low environmental footprints compared to other type of processes. We have now combined this technology with nanomaterials, ionic liquids (negligible vapor pressure), and poly(ionic liquids) in order to enlarge the field of applications while benefiting from the advantages of membranes. We have modified flat sheet water filtration membrane and used it as both catalytic support and reactor with the advantages to make the reaction and the separation of products in only one step. For this purpose, catalytic metallic nanoparticles of palladium (diameter of ca. 2 nm) were synthesized in a gel-poly(ionic liquid) layer grafted at the surface of polymeric filtration membranes by UV-photografting method. The so obtained catalytic membrane was successfully applied in the hydrogenation of trans-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one in forced flow-through configuration, which gave full conversion in a few seconds (2.6 s) showing advantages over the batch reactor process (in that case, palladium nanoparticles were synthesized in the ionic liquid [MMPIM][NTf2] (1,2-dimethyl-3-propylimidazolium bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide)). Nevertheless, the catalytic membrane used in submerged mode no more prevailed over the batch reactor. Catalytic nanoparticles remain highly active in the membrane after 12 cycles of reaction without need of recuperation. Results were compared to one obtains with a similar system in batch reactor conditions, showing high efficiency of our process in term of selectivity and reactivity, combined to an important compactness, the productivity of the catalytic hollow fiber membrane reactor and permitting to operate at larger scale with promising results in an environmental friendly way in term of energy and product (metal, solvent) consuming

Les barèmes (et autres outils techniques d'aide à la décision) dans le fonctionnement de la justice

On savait qu’à côté des barèmes légaux étaient assez largement diffusés dans les juridictions des outils d’aide à la décision, construits par les acteurs et actrices du droit, dans de multiples domaines d’activité. Cette recherche le confirme et présente un large éventail de barèmes disponibles, sans pour autant prétendre à l’exhaustivité, après avoir réalisé une sorte de radiographie des juridictions du fond, tous contentieux confondus. L’étude a permis de recenser 122 outils à partir de 55 entretiens semi-directifs conduits auprès de juges et membres du parquet relevant de trois juridictions de premier degré de chaque type (soit 30 juridictions visitées), enrichie de deux établissements pénitentiaires et d’une exploration systématique de l’intranet justice.C’est à partir de cet ensemble que nous proposons une définition de ces objets qui place au second plan leur dimension fonctionnelle (gain de temps, prévisibilité, harmonisation) pour en retenir une définition plus théorique. Que ces outils suggèrent un montant (indemnisation, pension, peine…) ou l’orientation d’un dossier, ils permettent tous de préciser les critères de décision fixés par le droit applicable, proposant une interprétation de la règle de droit et resserrant ainsi le maillage normatif. Cette dimension politique essentielle s’apprécie moins dans l’activité individuelle des juges, maîtres de leurs décisions, que dans la possibilité de construire des politiques publiques qui s’appuient sur ces régularités recherchées : ces outils admettent par construction l’existence de situations suffisamment similaires pour être traitées de façon comparable. A partir de cette définition, il devient secondaire de déterminer si un outil d’aide à la décision doit se fonder sur des données chiffrées ou produire un résultat chiffré pour être qualifié de « barème » : cette construction peut passer par des données chiffrées ou pas. On retient plus généralement le vocable de barème dans le premier cas, de référentiel ou de lignes directrices dans le second.La capacité de ces outils à harmoniser les solutions retenues justifie largement leur utilisation aux yeux des professionnel.le.s, qui restent pour autant soucieux de conserver leur liberté et rappellent le caractère nécessairement facultatif de ces outils. Cette préoccupation explique sans doute que ces outils restent largement invisibles, confinés aux pratiques professionnelles et très rarement objets de références explicites dans les décisions de justice. Non seulement ils proposent une réduction de l’espace des possibles et apparaissent comme susceptibles de restreindre le principe de la liberté d’appréciation souveraine – d’où l’attachement à leur caractère facultatif – mais aussi ils démontrent, a contrario, l’espace de décision des magistrat.e.s, par ailleurs nié par une tradition civiliste qui voit dans le juge un instrument d’application transparent de la loi générale et abstraite ; ils manifestent une préoccupation pour l’égalité de traitement des justiciables, par opposition à un autre idéal de justice donnant la préférence à une succession de décisions individuelles incomparables ; enfin, bien que cela n’apparaisse pas comme un argument prépondérant des magistrat.e.s, les barèmes sont malgré tout associés à une préoccupation relative à la rapidité de traitement des demandes, qui s’oppose à une conception artisanale de la justice.Pourtant, compte tenu de l’ampleur du phénomène comme de l’accumulation d’outils hétéroclites, de facture incertaine, déployés au niveau local ou sur un territoire plus large et des incertitudes constatées dans l’accès à ces outils, peut-on ou doit-on laisser les magistrat.e.s continuer à en faire, seuls, leur affaire

High catalytic efficiency of palladium nanoparticles immobilized in a polymer membrane containing poly(ionic liquid) in Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction

The elaboration of a polymeric catalytic membrane containing palladium nanoparticles is presented. The membrane was prepared using a photo-grafting process with imidazolium-based ionic liquid monomers as modifying agent and microPES® as support membrane. Ionic liquid serves as a stabilizer and immobilizer for the catalytic species, i.e. palladium nanoparticles. The Suzuki–Miyaura cross-coupling reaction was carried out on the catalytic membrane in flow-through configuration. Complete conversion was achieved in 10 s through one single filtration, without formation of byproducts. The apparent reaction rate constant was three orders of magnitude greater than in a batch reactor. No catalyst leaching was detected. This membrane offers the possibility of continuous production with no need for a separation step of the catalyst from the reaction medium

Palladium nanoparticles stabilized by novel choline-based ionic liquids in glycerol applied in hydrogenation reactions

Palladium nanoparticles stabilized by choline-based ionic liquids in glycerol were prepared from Pd(II) precursors by simply heating at 80 °C under argon; in this process, the water present in the ionic liquid was found to be responsible for the reduction of Pd(II) into zero-valent palladium species. Palladium nanoparticles were fully characterized in both liquid phase and solid state. The as-prepared metal nanoparticles exhibited remarkable catalytic activity in hydrogenation processes for a significant variety of functional groups (alkenes, alkynes, nitro derivatives, benzaldehydes, aromatic ketones)

Remarkable catalytic activity of polymeric membranes containing gel-trapped palladium nanoparticles for hydrogenation reactions

Polymeric flat-sheet membranes and hollow fibers were prepared via UV photo-initiated polymerization of acrylic acid at the surface of commercial polyether sulfones (PES) membranes. These polymeric materials permitted to immobilize efficiently palladium nanoparticles (PdNP), which exhibited a mean diameter in the range of 4−6 nm. These materials were synthesized by chemical reduction of Pd(II) precursors in the presence of the corresponding support. We successfully applied the as-prepared catalytic materials in hydrogenation reactions under continuous flow conditions. Flat sheet membranes were more active than hollow fibers due to the flow configuration and defavorable operating conditions. Actually, various functional groups (i.e. CC, CC and NO2) were reduced in flow-through configuration, under mild conditions (between 1.4 and 2.2 bar H2 at 60 °C, using 3.2 mol% of Pd loading), archiving high conversions in short reaction times (12−24 s)

Supplementing Soy-Based Diet with Creatine in Rats: Implications for Cardiac Cell Signaling and Response to Doxorubicin.

Nutritional habits can have a significant impact on cardiovascular health and disease. This may also apply to cardiotoxicity caused as a frequent side effect of chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin (DXR). The aim of this work was to analyze if diet, in particular creatine (Cr) supplementation, can modulate cardiac biochemical (energy status, oxidative damage and antioxidant capacity, DNA integrity, cell signaling) and functional parameters at baseline and upon DXR treatment. Here, male Wistar rats were fed for 4 weeks with either standard rodent diet (NORMAL), soy-based diet (SOY), or Cr-supplemented soy-based diet (SOY + Cr). Hearts were either freeze-clamped in situ or following ex vivo Langendorff perfusion without or with 25 μM DXR and after recording cardiac function. The diets had distinct cardiac effects. Soy-based diet (SOY vs. NORMAL) did not alter cardiac performance but increased phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), indicating activation of rather pro-catabolic AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, consistent with increased ADP/ATP ratios and lower lipid peroxidation. Creatine addition to the soy-based diet (SOY + Cr vs. SOY) slightly increased left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and contractility dp/dt, as measured at baseline in perfused heart, and resulted in activation of the rather pro-anabolic protein kinases Akt and ERK. Challenging perfused heart with DXR, as analyzed across all nutritional regimens, deteriorated most cardiac functional parameters and also altered activation of the AMPK, ERK, and Akt signaling pathways. Despite partial reprogramming of cell signaling and metabolism in the rat heart, diet did not modify the functional response to supraclinical DXR concentrations in the used acute cardiotoxicity model. However, the long-term effect of these diets on cardiac sensitivity to chronic and clinically relevant DXR doses remains to be established

A glimpse into the early origins of medieval anatomy through the oldest conserved human dissection (Western Europe, 13^th c. A.D.)

INTRODUCTION: Medieval autopsy practice is very poorly known in Western Europe, due to a lack of both descriptive medico-surgical texts and conserved dissected human remains. This period is currently considered the dark ages according to a common belief of systematic opposition of Christian religious authorities to the opening of human cadavers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The identification in a private collection of an autopsied human individual dated from the 13(th) century A.D. is an opportunity for better knowledge of such practice in this chrono-cultural context, i.e. the early origins of occidental dissections. A complete forensic anthropological procedure was carried out, completed by radiological and elemental analyses. RESULTS: The complete procedure of this body opening and internal organs exploration is explained, and compared with historical data about forensic and anatomical autopsies from this period. During the analysis, a red substance filling all arterial cavities, made of mercury sulfide (cinnabar) mixed with vegetal oil (oleic and palmitic acids) was identified; it was presumably used to highlight vascularization by coloring in red such vessels, and help in the preservation of the body. CONCLUSIONS: Of particular interest for the description of early medical and anatomical knowledge, this “human preparation” is the oldest known yet, and is particularly important for the fields of history of medicine, surgery and anatomical practice

The Warburg Effect Is Genetically Determined in Inherited Pheochromocytomas

The Warburg effect describes how cancer cells down-regulate their aerobic respiration and preferentially use glycolysis to generate energy. To evaluate the link between hypoxia and Warburg effect, we studied mitochondrial electron transport, angiogenesis and glycolysis in pheochromocytomas induced by germ-line mutations in VHL, RET, NF1 and SDH genes. SDH and VHL gene mutations have been shown to lead to the activation of hypoxic response, even in normoxic conditions, a process now referred to as pseudohypoxia. We observed a decrease in electron transport protein expression and activity, associated with increased angiogenesis in SDH- and VHL-related, pseudohypoxic tumors, while stimulation of glycolysis was solely observed in VHL tumors. Moreover, microarray analyses revealed that expression of genes involved in these metabolic pathways is an efficient tool for classification of pheochromocytomas in accordance with the predisposition gene mutated. Our data suggest an unexpected association between pseudohypoxia and loss of p53, which leads to a distinct Warburg effect in VHL-related pheochromocytomas