The Kraft Pulp And Paper Properties of Sweet Sorghum Bagasse (Sorghum bicolor L Moench)

This study investigated the potency of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) bagasse as raw material for pulp and paper using kraft pulping. The effects of alkali and sulfidity loading on kraft pulp and paper properties were also investigated. The pulping condition of the kraft pulp consisted of three levels of alkali loading (17, 19 and 22%) and sulfidity loading (20, 22 and 24%). The maximum cooking temperature was 170°C for 4 h with a liquid to wood ratio of 10:1. Kraft pulping of this Numbu bagasse produced good pulp indicated by high screen yield and delignification selectivity with a low Kappa number (< 10). The unbleached pulp sheet produced a superior brightness level and a high burst index. The increase of active alkali loading tended to produce a negative effect on the pulp yield, Kappa number and paper sheet properties. Therefore, it is suggested to use a lower active alkaline concentration

FIBER QUALITIES OF PRETREATED BETUNG BAMBOO (Dendrocalamusasper) BY MIXED CULTURE OF WHITE-ROT FUNGI WITH RESPECT TO ITS USE FOR PULP/PAPER

Previous research on anatomical structures of pretreated large (betung) bamboo (Dendrocalamusasper) using single culture of white-rot fungi has been investigated, which revealed that the pretreatment caused the decrease in the Runkel ratioas well as the coefficient rigidity and the increase in the flexibility ratio of their corresponding bamboo fibers. However, there is no study reported on the anatomical structure changes of them caused by pretreatment using mixed culture of white-rot fungi. This paper reports the results of the research on paper/pulp quality after different treatments. Pretreatment that used Trametes versicolor fungi and lasted for 45 days inflicted intensive fiber damages compared with those of untreated bamboo (control). Fresh and barkless large (betung) bamboo chips of 2 year's old, and 1.6 cm in length, were inoculated by 10% of mixed culture of white-rot fungi inoculums stock for 30 and 45 days in room temperature. There were four treatment groups of mixed culture, i.e T. versi color and P. ostreatus (TVPO); P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium (POPC); P. chrysosporium and T.versi color (PCTV); and P.chrysosporium, T.versicolorand P.ostreatus (TVPCPO).After the inoculation period, the chips weremacerated into separate fibers using Scultze method to analyze the fiber dimension and its derived values. The fibers were then observed regarding their macro and microscopic structures by optical microscope. Mixed culture pretreatment of white-rot fungi accelerated improvement of fiber morphology and fiber derived value characteristics, except for Muhlsteph ratio. The fiber derived values oftreated bamboo tended to improve compared to those of untreated bamboo, there by requiring milder pulping conditions. Accordingly, the treated bamboo would indicatively produce a good quality pulp (grade I) based on FAO and LPHH (Forest Product Research Report) requirements. Co-culture treatment using P. chrysosporium and P. ostreatus for 45 days produced the best fiber dimension and its derived value properties. The fungi hypae colonized on the surface area of bamboo followed by mycelium penetration into substrate (bamboo-inner structure). The partial degradation caused by delignification indicatively attributed to the fungi activity was shown in the macroscopic images

THE PROPERTIES KRAFT PULP SENGON WOOD (Paraserianthes falcataria):Differences Of Cooking Liquor Concentration and Bleaching Sequence

The research was to investigate the difference effect of cooking liquor concentration and bleaching sequence on the properties Kraft pulp sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria). The Kraft pulp conditions were alkalinity (16 and 20%) and sulfi dity (20 and 25%). The maximum pulping temperature was 170°C for 4 hours, Liquor to wood ratio of 4:1 and 100 gram OD. Pulp bleaching sequences were P1 DEP2 and D1ED2P. Utilization of selected Kraft pulping was effective enough for dissolving lignin. The highest and the lowest lignin decreasing were 90% and 61% respectively. The increasing effect of alkali concentration was more dominant than its sulfi dity on the pulp delignifi cation selectivity. Generally, the optimum Kraft pulping conditions were alkalinity 20% and sulfi dity 25%. The sequence bleaching difference of the selected pulp tended on the decreasing of kappa number and pulp yield. The fi rst pulp bleaching method (P1EDP2) was relatively better than the second method (D1ED2P

Pengaruh Penambahan Surfaktan pada Fermentasi Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit dengan Praperlakuan Uap Air Panas Bertekanan dengan Katalis Asam Maleat

Oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) has high potency to be converted into second generation bioethanol production. OPEFB pretreated liquid hot water (LHW) assisted maleic acid (MA) pretreatment was used as substrate in simultaneous saccharification fermentation (SSF). This pretreatment was conducted at 180 °C for 70 min by using 1.5% (w/v) MA acid concentration with material and liquid ratio of 1:14. Subsequently, the pretreated samples were fermented by addition of surfactant, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000 and amphiphilic lignin derivatives (A-LD) using Kluyveromyces marxianus InaCC Y119 yeast at temperature of 38 °C for 89 h. Before SSF, pretreated OPEFB was pre hydrolyzed by cellulase enzyme with enzyme loading 30 FPU/g at 50 °C for 3 h. Fermentation filtrate was taken at 0, 24, 48, 72, dan 89 h as much as 1.5 mL for reducing sugar and ethanol content determination. The surfactant addition can enhance reducing sugar and also ethanol content compared to control. The highest ethanol content of 1.251 g/L was found at fermentation of OPEFB pretreated MA with PEG 4000 surfactant at 89 h

Lignin and Cellulose Changes of Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus asper) pretreated Microwave Heating

This study highlighted the effect of microwave pretreatment on betung bamboo on the chemical structural and morphological changes. The hydrothermal condition was performed in varying power loading (330, 550, and 770 W) and microwave irradition time (5-12.5 min). FTIR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analysis were utilized to confirm the characteristic changes after pretreatment. The results showed that the severe pretreatment condition tended to increase the carbohydrate losses. From FTIR spectra, microwave pretreatment tended to decrease absorbancy of functional group bands. After microwave pretreatment for 12.5 min (770 W), the band around 1736 cm-1 (C=O in xylan) disappeared in the samples. The syringil propane unit was lower than that of guaiacyl lignin under microwave pretreatment. The disruption of the structure of the cell wall increased the accessibility of cellulase to lignocellulose. Except microwaving for 5 min (330 W), the microwave heating caused carbon and oxygen increasing compared to untreated samples. The increase in crystallinity index of pretreated bamboo suggested the selective degradation of amorphous components.

Fiber Qualities of Pretreated Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamusasper) by Mixed Culture of White-rot Fungi with Respect to Its Use for Pulp/paper

Previous research on anatomical structures of pretreated large (betung) bamboo (Dendrocalamusasper) using single culture of white-rot fungi has been investigated, which revealed that the pretreatment caused the decrease in the Runkel ratioas well as the coefficient rigidity and the increase in the flexibility ratio of their corresponding bamboo fibers. However, there is no study reported on the anatomical structure changes of them caused by pretreatment using mixed culture of white-rot fungi. This paper reports the results of the research on paper/pulp quality after different treatments. Pretreatment that used Trametes versicolor fungi and lasted for 45 days inflicted intensive fiber damages compared with those of untreated bamboo (control). Fresh and barkless large (betung) bamboo chips of 2 year's old, and 1.6 cm in length, were inoculated by 10% of mixed culture of white-rot fungi inoculums stock for 30 and 45 days in room temperature. There were four treatment groups of mixed culture, i.e T. versi color and P. ostreatus (TVPO); P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium (POPC); P. chrysosporium and T.versi color (PCTV); and P.chrysosporium, T.versicolorand P.ostreatus (TVPCPO).After the inoculation period, the chips weremacerated into separate fibers using Scultze method to analyze the fiber dimension and its derived values. The fibers were then observed regarding their macro and microscopic structures by optical microscope. Mixed culture pretreatment of white-rot fungi accelerated improvement of fiber morphology and fiber derived value characteristics, except for Muhlsteph ratio. The fiber derived values oftreated bamboo tended to improve compared to those of untreated bamboo, there by requiring milder pulping conditions. Accordingly, the treated bamboo would indicatively produce a good quality pulp (grade I) based on FAO and LPHH (Forest Product Research Report) requirements. Co-culture treatment using P. chrysosporium and P. ostreatus for 45 days produced the best fiber dimension and its derived value properties. The fungi hypae colonized on the surface area of bamboo followed by mycelium penetration into substrate (bamboo-inner structure). The partial degradation caused by delignification indicatively attributed to the fungi activity was shown in the macroscopic images

NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC ANTIMICROBIALS AGENT FOR TEXTILE: A REVIEW

Raising public health awareness of personal hygiene, particularly in the context of the Covid-19 situation, has increased the research on antimicrobial textiles, not only for medical devices but also for daily wear. Textiles, particularly natural-based fibers, have a large surface area that can retain moisture for microorganism growth, resulting in a pathogenic effect on the user. As a result of the high demand for natural-based textiles, various approaches to applying antimicrobial agents to natural fabrics have been investigated. Any antimicrobial treatments used in textiles must be human-safe, effective against pathogenic microbial, and resistant to non-pathogenic microbial in skin. Antimicrobial agents are classified into two types: natural and synthetic. Both types have certain advantage and disadvantage, but they have the same crucial parameters such as antimicrobial agent concentration, bacterium species, and finishing procedures to improve durability and efficacy. This paper discusses the use of natural and synthetic antimicrobial agents on natural fiber, with natural antimicrobials including lignin, chitosan, and tannin, and synthetic antimicrobials including metal, organic, and inorganic compounds. The application method of them on fabrics is also presented

Utilization of Lignin from the Waste of Bioethanol Production as a Mortar Additive

Lignin is the second most abundant biopolymer, exceeded only by cellulose, and comprises 15-25% of the dry weight of woody plants, with around 285,000 tons/year of production capacity globally. This study aims to utilize the lignin obtained from the waste of bioethanol production from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) as a mortar additive. The use of mortar as a material for road construction is increasing, but its long time hardening is causing problems such as traffic jams. Lignin can be used as an additive to shorten the hardening time of mortar. Lignin was isolated at various NaOH concentrations and temperatures of OPEFB pretreatment for bioethanol production. The workability of the slump and compressive strength of mortars generated were further tested. Lignin from OPEFB  can be used as a water reducer in the mortar with improved workability as much as 24.4% compared to controls. The addition of lignin could also increase the compressive strength at the mortar age of 7 and 28 days compared to the commercial lignosulfonate and control on the various water-cement ratios. The setting time of mortar with the lignin addition increased rapidly, reaching up to 80% at the 7 days, indicating that curing time is getting shorter. The most remarkable improvement of compressive strength with suitable workability and high-quality concrete was reached by 1% lignin addition and 0.45 water-cement ratio with compressive strength 38.81 N/mm2 at 28 days.Keywords: compressive strength, lignin, mortar, OPEFB, water reduce

The Characteristic Changes of Betung Bamboo (Dendrocalamus Asper) Pretreated by Fungal Pretreatment

The fungal pretreatment effect on chemical structural and morphological changes of Betung Bamboo was evaluated based on its biomass components after being cultivated by white rot fungi, Trametes versicolor. Betung bamboo powder (15 g) was exposed to liquid inoculum of white rot fungi and incubated at 270C for 15, 30 and 45 days. The treated samples were then characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-Ray diffraction and SEM-EDS analyses. Cultivation for 30 days with 5 and 10% loadings retained greater selectivity compared to that of the other treatments. FTIR spectra demonstrated that the fungus affected the decreasing of functional group quantities without changing the functional groups. The decrease in intensity at wave number of 1246 cm-1 (guaiacyl of lignin) was greater than that at wave number of 1328 cm-1 (deformation combination of syringyl and xylan) after fungal treatment. X-ray analysis showed the pretreated samples had a higher crystallinity than the untreated ones which might be due to the cleavage of amorphous fractions of cellulose. The pretreated samples have more fragile than the untreated ones confirmed by SEM. Crystalline allomorph calculated by XRD analysis showed that fungus pretreatment for 30 days has transformed triclinic structure of cellulose to monoclinic structure