Cyclooxygenase-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Their Correlation with Angiogenesis in Gastric Carcinomas

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in gastric carcinomas and lymph node metastasis and their relationship with angiogenesis and prognostic histopathological parameters. Materials and Methods: COX-2 and VEGF expression and microvessel density (MVD) grade identified by antibodies against CD34 were investigated immunohistochemically in 33 patients with gastric carcinoma. Results: The expression of COX-2 was 96.9% in normal mucosa and 87.8% in gastric carcinoma. Although COX-2 expression in mucosa was higher than in carcinoma, the difference was not statistically significant. The COX-2 positivity rates in lymph nodes were significantly higher in patients with vascular invasion (p<0.01). The expression of VEGF was 100% in normal mucosa and 93.9% in gastric carcinoma. VEGF levels in mucosa were significantly higher than in carcinoma (p=0.05). MVD grade in mucosa was significantly higher than in gastric carcinoma (p<0.01). MVD values were significantly higher in poorly differentiated carcinomas than in well and moderately differentiated carcinomas (p<0.05). There was no association between COX-2 and VEGF expression and MVD grade in tumor tissues and metastatic lymph nodes. There was no correlation of clinicopathological parameters with COX-2 and VEGF expression and MVD grade. Conclusion: Our results suggest that the MVD in gastric carcinoma may correlate with tumor grade, but the precise roles of COX-2 and VEGF in gastric cancers are not yet fully understood. Further studies with large series are needed to clarify the importance of COX-2, VEGF and MVD in cancer progression

Cyclooxygenase-2 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Their Correlation with Angiogenesis in Gastric Carcinomas

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, mide karsinomları ile bunların lenf nodu metastazlarında siklooksijenaz-2 (COX-2) ve vasküler endotelyal büyüme (growth) faktörü (VEGF) immün reaktivitelerini belirlemek, bunların anjiyogenezle ve histopatolojik prognostik parametrelerle olan ilişkisini araştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntemler: Otuz üç gastrik karsinom olgusunda immünhistokimyasal yöntemlerle COX-2, VEGF ekspresyonu ve CD34 ile belirlenen mikrodamar dansitesi (MVD) derecesi incelendi.Bulgular: COX-2 ile normal mukoza %96,9, karsinom grubu %87,8 oranında pozitif boyandı. Tümördeki COX-2 boyanma derecesi ile mukozadaki COX-2 boyanma derecesi arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark izlenmedi. Damar invazyonu pozitif olguların COX-2 ile lenf nodu boyanma derecesi anlamlı olarak daha yüksek idi (p<0,01). VEGF ile normal mukoza %100, karsinom grubu %93,9 oranında pozitif boyandı. Normal mukoza karsinom grubuna kıyasla VEGF ile anlamlı olarak daha yüksek oranda pozitiflik gösterdi (p=0,05). MVD derecesi tümöre kıyasla mukozada daha fazla idi (p<0,01). Kötü diferansiye karsinomlar, iyi ve orta derecede diferansiye karsinomlara göre anlamlı olarak daha yüksek MVD derecesine sahipti (p<0,05). Tümörde ve metastatik lenf nodlarında COX-2 ve VEGF ekspresyonu ile MVD derecesi arasında herhangi bir ilişki tespit edilmedi. COX-2, VEGF ve MVD derecesinin klinikopatolojik parametrelerle ilişkisi istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmadı.Sonuç: Bu bulgulara göre gastrik karsinomlarda MVD derecesi artarken, tümör diferansiasyonu azalıyor olabilir, fakat COX-2 ve VEGF'nin gastrik karsinom gelişimindeki rolü henüz tam olarak anlaşılamamıştır. COX-2, VEGF ve MVD derecesinin gastrik karsinogenezis sürecindeki yerini tam olarak açığa kavuşturabilmek için daha geniş serilerle ileri çalışmalara gereksinim vardır.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in gastric carcinomas and lymph node metastasis and their relationship with angiogenesis and prognostic histopathological parameters.Materials and Methods: COX-2 and VEGF expression and microvessel density (MVD) grade identified by antibodies against CD34 were investigated immunohistochemically in 33 patients with gastric carcinoma. Results: The expression of COX-2 was 96.9% in normal mucosa and 87.8% in gastric carcinoma. Although COX-2 expression in mucosa was higher than in carcinoma, the difference was not statistically significant. The COX-2 positivity rates in lymph nodes were significantly higher in patients with vascular invasion (p&lt;0.01). The expression of VEGF was 100% in normal mucosa and 93.9% in gastric carcinoma. VEGF levels in mucosa were significantly higher than in carcinoma (p=0.05). MVD grade in mucosa was significantly higher than in gastric carcinoma (p&lt;0.01). MVD values were significantly higher in poorly differentiated carcinomas than in well and moderately differentiated carcinomas (p&lt;0.05). There was no association between COX-2 and VEGF expression and MVD grade in tumor tissues and metastatic lymph nodes. There was no correlation of clinicopathological parameters with COX-2 and VEGF expression and MVD grade.Conclusion: Our results suggest that the MVD in gastric carcinoma may correlate with tumor grade, but the precise roles of COX-2 and VEGF in gastric cancers are not yet fully understood. Further studies with large series are needed to clarify the importance of COX-2, VEGF and MVD in cancer progression

Globe-LFMC 2.0, an enhanced and updated dataset for live fuel moisture content research

Globe-LFMC 2.0, an updated version of Globe-LFMC, is a comprehensive dataset of over 280,000 Live Fuel Moisture Content (LFMC) measurements. These measurements were gathered through field campaigns conducted in 15 countries spanning 47 years. In contrast to its prior version, Globe-LFMC 2.0 incorporates over 120,000 additional data entries, introduces more than 800 new sampling sites, and comprises LFMC values obtained from samples collected until the calendar year 2023. Each entry within the dataset provides essential information, including date, geographical coordinates, plant species, functional type, and, where available, topographical details. Moreover, the dataset encompasses insights into the sampling and weighing procedures, as well as information about land cover type and meteorological conditions at the time and location of each sampling event. Globe-LFMC 2.0 can facilitate advanced LFMC research, supporting studies on wildfire behaviour, physiological traits, ecological dynamics, and land surface modelling, whether remote sensing-based or otherwise. This dataset represents a valuable resource for researchers exploring the diverse LFMC aspects, contributing to the broader field of environmental and ecological research

Nadiren büyük intraoral submukozal lipom çalışan kafa: İntraoral lipom

Lipomas are well-circumscribed benign tumors and represent the most common mesenchymal neoplasm. It is very rare in intraoral cavity. A 25-year old male patient with an intraoral submucosal lipoma in the mandibular region is presented. Surgical removal was achieved with an incision along the inferior gingivobuccal sulcus. At early postoperative period no facial nerve deficit was observed. At 6 months follow-up there was .no sign of recurrence and excellent facial symmetry was obtained.Lipomlar iyi sınırlı iyi huylu tümörlerdir ve en sık görülen mezenkimal neoplazmı temsil eder. İntraoral kavitede çok nadir görülür. Mandibular bölgede intraoral submukozal lipomu olan 25 yaşında bir erkek hasta sunuldu. İnferior gingivobukkal sulkus boyunca kesi ile cerrahi olarak çıkarıldı. Postoperatif erken dönemde fasiyal sinir eksikliği gözlenmedi. Altı aylık takipte nüks belirtisi yoktu ve mükemmel yüz simetrisi elde edildi

Proliferative fasciitis: A case report

Proliferatif fasiitis, fasiaları ve subkutanöz dokuyu tutan, sık görülmeyen benign, bir bağ doku lezyonudur. Genellikle yetişkinlerde, erkek ve kadınlarda eşit oranda, 40-70 yaş arasında sık görülür. Özellikle ön kol ve uyluk olmak üzere ekstremitelerde sık yerleşir. Histopatolojik olarak lezyon fibroblast benzeri hücreler ile ganglion benzeri büyük dev hücrelerden oluşur. Klinik olarak hızlı bü- yümesi, infiltratif büyüme paterni, hücreden zengin olması, mitoz oranının yüksek olabilmesi, dev hücrelerin varlı- ğı nedeniyle malign mezenkimal tümörlerle karışabilmektedir. Kırk beş yaşında erkek hastanın göğüs duvarı üzerinde saptanan bir kitle proliferatif fasiitis tanısı aldı. İmmunhistokimyasal olarak düz kas aktini, CD68, S-100 proteini ve CD34 ile boyanma izlenmedi. Spindle ve dev hücreler vimentin ile pozitif reaksiyon verdi.Proliferative fasciitis is a rare, benign connective tissue lesion arising from fascia and subcutaneus adipose tissue. Proliferative fasciitis is a lesion of adult life, with a peak incidence between ages 40 and 70 years. Males and females are equally affected. The majority of the lesions occurred in the extremities, especially in the forearm and the thigh. Histologically, the characteristic features of lesion are fibroblast-like cells and ganglionlike giant cells. The diffuse infiltrative growth, high cellularity, mitotic activity and presence of ganglion cell-like giant cells have led to the misinterpretation of malignant neoplasms. A 45 year-old man who developed a nodule on the chest wall diagnosed as proliferative fasciitis. The immunohistochemical study showed negativity CD68, S-100 protein, CD34 and smooth muscle actin in the cells. Vimentin immunoreactivity was detected in the spindle and giant cells

Proliferative fasciitis: A case report

Proliferatif fasiitis, fasiaları ve subkutanöz dokuyu tutan, sık görülmeyen benign, bir bağ doku lezyonudur. Genellikle yetişkinlerde, erkek ve kadınlarda eşit oranda, 40-70 yaş arasında sık görülür. Özellikle ön kol ve uyluk olmak üzere ekstremitelerde sık yerleşir. Histopatolojik olarak lezyon fibroblast benzeri hücreler ile ganglion benzeri büyük dev hücrelerden oluşur. Klinik olarak hızlı bü- yümesi, infiltratif büyüme paterni, hücreden zengin olması, mitoz oranının yüksek olabilmesi, dev hücrelerin varlı- ğı nedeniyle malign mezenkimal tümörlerle karışabilmektedir. Kırk beş yaşında erkek hastanın göğüs duvarı üzerinde saptanan bir kitle proliferatif fasiitis tanısı aldı. İmmunhistokimyasal olarak düz kas aktini, CD68, S-100 proteini ve CD34 ile boyanma izlenmedi. Spindle ve dev hücreler vimentin ile pozitif reaksiyon verdi.Proliferative fasciitis is a rare, benign connective tissue lesion arising from fascia and subcutaneus adipose tissue. Proliferative fasciitis is a lesion of adult life, with a peak incidence between ages 40 and 70 years. Males and females are equally affected. The majority of the lesions occurred in the extremities, especially in the forearm and the thigh. Histologically, the characteristic features of lesion are fibroblast-like cells and ganglionlike giant cells. The diffuse infiltrative growth, high cellularity, mitotic activity and presence of ganglion cell-like giant cells have led to the misinterpretation of malignant neoplasms. A 45 year-old man who developed a nodule on the chest wall diagnosed as proliferative fasciitis. The immunohistochemical study showed negativity CD68, S-100 protein, CD34 and smooth muscle actin in the cells. Vimentin immunoreactivity was detected in the spindle and giant cells

Secretory carcinoma: A case report

Onaltı yaşında bir kız çocuğun sağ memesinde bulunan 4,5x3,5x3 cm boyutlarda kitle eksizyonel olarak çıkarıldı. Kitlenin makroskopik incelemesinde; çevreden çok iyi sınırlı, fakat kapsülsüz tümöral doku izlendi. Tü- mörün mikroskopik görüntüsü belirleyici olup, eozinofilik sekresyonla dolu lümen oluşturan eozinofilik, granüler veya berrak sitoplazmalı hücrelerle döşeli tubuloalveolar ve fokal papiller yapılar vardı. Hücrelerin bazılarında nukleus belirgin nukleol içermekteydi, mitoz nadir olarak izlendi. S-100 protein, östrojen ve progesteron reseptörü, poliklonal karsinoembriyojenik antijen (CEA) antikorları ile yapılan immunhistokimyasal boyamalarda S-100 ile pozitif reaktivite görüldü. Östrojen ve progesteron reseptörü, CEA ile pozitif reaktivite saptanmadı. Bu bulgularla olguya sekretuar karsinom tanısı verildi. Meme tümörlerinin nadir görülen tipi olan sekretuar karsinom, meme kanserlerinin %1’inden azını oluşturur. Prognozu çok iyidir ve bir çok seride 5 yıllık yaşam %100’e yakın olarak bildirilmektedir.16 year-old girl with a mass measuring 4,5x3,5x3 cms, in the right breast was presented. The patient underwent surgical resection. Grossly, it was a noncapsulated, well circumscribed neoplasm. The microscopic apparence was distinctive. Tubuloalveolar and focally papilary formations, lined by cells with eosinophilic, granular or clear cytoplasm were seen forming lumina filled by an eosinophilic secretion. Some nucleus had prominent nucleoli, but mitoses were very scant. Immunohistochemistry was performed by using the following antibodies: S-100 protein, oestrogen and progesterone receptor and polyclonal carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). The tumor cells were positive for S-100 protein and negative for, oestrogen and progesterone receptor and CEA. Clinical and morphological findings were consisted with a secretory carcinoma. Secretory carcinoma of the breast is a rare varyant of the breast carcinoma. It is accounting less than 1% of all breast neoplasms. The overall prognosis is excellent, most series quoting a 5-year survival rate close to 100%

Radiation Fibrosis Syndrome Imitating Breast Cancer Recurrence; A Case Report

Nowadays, surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the most frequently used modalities in the treatment of breast cancer. It is very well-known that some severe complications may result from after these treatments. Early and late complications of radiotherapy are well known. The complications of radiation therapy may be seen in (early) or after three months (late-delayed) of periods. These complications may be related with direct or indirect effect of radiation. The radiation fibrosis syndrome is a progressive fibrotic tissue sclerosis together with various clinical symptoms in the irradiation field. It is usually a late finding of radiation therapy and may be seen weeks or even years after the treatment. Many systems such as musculo-skeletal, soft tissue, neural tissue and cardiopulmonary system may be affected. In this report, we present a case of a breast cancer treated with breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy twelve years ago. The patient had ipsilateral lymphedema, right axillary mass, and pain during arm and shoulder mobilization. Her physical examination and radiologic findings revealed a big mass invading right thoracic wall, thoracic cavity and the axilla. Histopathological evaluation performed after tru-cut and open biopsy from the mass showed fibrosis resulting from radiation therapy