Architectural Typology Of Mesopotamian Civilization From Ancient Cultural Myth (Abstract)

Beberapa fakta dapat dijelaskan secara subjektif namun sukar untuk dibuktikan secara objektif, situasi ini membuatkan beberapa ahli falsafah sebelum Socrates menyingkir fakta logik dalam menterjemahkan alam fizikal disekeliling mereka. Some facts can be easily inferred subjectively but difficult to prove objectively, thus causing the philosophers who came before Socrates to deviate from logic in interpreting the nature of the physical world around them

Towards the Future of the Malay Community in Kelantan

The Malay settlement at Kota Bharu is at the brink of disappearance. This paper employed mixed method indulging into the subject of the study. The finding illustrates the withering of Malay community along with the cultural transformation generated by development. The extent of this paper also reveals the life, essence, hopes and aspirations of the Malays in the process of urbanization. It is posited that the process of urbanization also tested the survival of the Malays, and one day the existence of the Malays may be the object of "museumification" in their own country. Keywords:  Kota Bharu; Malay settlement; Malay identity; urbanization eISSN: 2398-4287 © 2022. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BYNC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v7i19.320

Epidemiology of strongyle nematode infections and first report of benzimidazole resistance in Haemonchus contortus in goats in South Darfur State, Sudan

Background Since pastoralists in South Darfur, Sudan, had complained about lack of albendazole (ABZ) efficacy to control nematodes in goats, the frequency of infection with gastrointestinal helminths was studied before in vivo faecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) were conducted using ABZ orally either at the dose recommended for sheep, 5 mg/kg body weight (bw) or at 10 mg/kg bw. Experiments included goats naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes or experimentally infected with local Haemonchus contortus isolates. Three study areas (Nyala, Beleil and Kass) were visited in autumn or winter. Results Out of 478 screened goats, 82.4% were infected with gastrointestinal helminths and 82% were shedding eggs of strongyle nematodes with 90% of the strongyle larvae representing Haemonchus spp. A FECRT using naturally infected goats (n = 225: 71 untreated, 104 and 50 treated with 5 and 10 mg ABZ/kg bw, respectively) detected reduced ABZ efficacy in Nyala and Kass. Paired and unpaired FECRT calculations detected reductions of 72–92% with samples taken at 8 days post treatment with 5 mg ABZ/kg bw and of 85–94% with 10 mg ABZ/kg bw. The FECRT based on day 14 post treatment samples showed reductions of 69–77% with 5 mg/kg and of 75–87% with 10 mg ABZ/kg bw. In Beleil, ABZ efficacy was 95%. In the egg hatch test EC50 values for Nyala and Kass ranged from 0.12–0.24 μg thiabendazole/ml, corresponding to benzimidazole resistant phenotypes. Only Haemonchus spp. larvae were present after treatments in coprocultures. When the efficacy was evaluated experimentally using isolates of H. contortus from Nyala and Kass, the 5 mg ABZ/kg dose revealed reductions of 76–78% on day 8 and of 62–70% on day 14 with the unpaired method. Using 10 mg ABZ/kg, the FECR was still only 77–82%. Conclusions Both, in vivo and in vitro methods detected resistant H. contortus populations in goats from South Darfur State. The time point 14 days post treatment was more sensitive for detection of ABZ resistance than 8 days post treatment. This is the first report on the occurrence of anthelmintic resistance in Sudan confirming that anthelmintic resistance selection is occurring in African subsistence farming systems

Theoretical Evaluation of Pluralism ‎Concept in Architecture

Pluralism as a manifestation of the universe and nature that is felt and understood by all human beings is not a new idea, but rather it could identify as a divine principle and eternal, Pluralism applies in all creation fields, especially in architecture, this paper discusses the term of pluralism in different fields such as philosophy, linguistic, literacy, art, until it reaches to the architectural field, and discusses the effect of the term in architecture. The aim is to understand pluralism with its different branches and determine the indicators of the term in architecture. Studies that discussed the concept of pluralism are taken as case studies to reach the goal. As a result, it appeared that pluralism has several types, and each type is associated with indicators. In conclusion, these types are arranged under five levels and each type led to a specific feature in architecture

Unifying particle-based and continuum models of hillslope evolution with a probabilistic scaling technique

Relationships between sediment flux and geomorphic processes are combined with statements of mass conservation, in order to create continuum models of hillslope evolution. These models have parameters which can be calibrated using available topographical data. This contrasts the use of particle-based models, which may be more difficult to calibrate, but are simpler, easier to implement, and have the potential to provide insight into the statistics of grain motion. The realms of individual particles and the continuum, while disparate in geomorphological modeling, can be connected using scaling techniques commonly employed in probability theory. Here, we motivate the choice of a particle-based model of hillslope evolution, whose stationary distributions we characterize. We then provide a heuristic scaling argument, which identifies a candidate for their continuum limit. By simulating instances of the particle model, we obtain equilibrium hillslope profiles and probe their response to perturbations. These results provide a proof-of-concept in the unification of microscopic and macroscopic descriptions of hillslope evolution through probabilistic techniques, and simplify the study of hillslope response to external influences.Comment: 28 pages, 8 figure

Susceptible trichostrongyloid species mask presence of benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus in cattle

Background Benzimidazole (BZ) anthelmintics are widely used to control infections with parasitic nematodes, but BZ resistance is an emerging threat among several nematode species infecting humans and animals. In Sudan, BZ-resistant Haemonchus contortus populations were recently reported in goats in South Darfur State. The objective of this study was to collect data regarding the situation of BZ resistance in cattle parasitic nematodes in South Darfur using phenotypic and molecular approaches, besides providing some epidemiological data on nematodes in cattle. Methods The faecal egg count reduction test and the egg hatch test (EHT) were used to evaluate benzimidazole efficacy in cattle nematodes in five South Darfur study areas: Beleil, Kass, Nyala, Rehed Al-Birdi and Tulus. Genomic DNA was extracted from pools of third-stage larvae (L3) (n = 40) during trials, before and after treatment, and pools of adult male Haemonchus spp. (n = 18) from abattoirs. The polymorphisms F167Y, E198A and F200Y in isotype 1 β-tubulin genes of H. contortus and H. placei were analysed using Sanger and pyrosequencing. Results Prevalence of gastro-intestinal helminths in cattle was 71% (313/443). Reduced albendazole faecal egg count reduction efficacy was detected in three study areas: Nyala (93.7%), Rehed Al-Birdi (89.7%) and Tulus (88.2%). In the EHT, EC50 values of these study areas ranged between 0.032 and 0.037 µg/ml thiabendazole. Genus-specific PCRs detected the genera Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Cooperia in L3 samples collected after albendazole treatment. Sanger sequencing followed by pyrosequencing assays did not detect elevated frequencies of known BZ resistance-associated alleles in codon F167Y, E198A and F200Y in isotype 1 β-tubulin gene of H. placei (≤ 11.38%). However, polymorphisms were detected in H. contortus and in samples with mixed infections with H. contortus and H. placei at codon 198, including E198L (16/58), E198V (2/58) and potentially E198Stop (1/58). All pooled L3 samples post-albendazole treatment (n = 13) were identified as H. contortus with an E198L substitution at codon 198. Conclusions To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report of reduced albendazole efficacy in cattle in Sudan and is the first study describing an E198L substitution in phenotypically BZ-resistant nematodes collected from cattle

Effect of addition of different levels of pomegranate peel powder to concentrate diet on productive performance of Awassi lambs

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of the addition of pomegranate peel powder to concentrate diet at a level of zero (T1), 1.5 (T2) and 3% (T3) on productive performance of Awassi lambs. The concentrate was offered to lambs at a rate of 2.5% of live body weight and ground wheat straw on the adilbitum basis. Results revealed that there was a significant (P<0.05) increase in straw dry matter, organic matter and nitrogen intakes by lambs fed the low level of pomegranate peel powder (T2), whereas, lower values were recorded by lambs fed the high level (T3). With the similar trend of change, total dry matter intake were 1056.03, 954.61 and 841.48 g/day, and 975.35, 896.24 and 793.92 g/day of total organic matter intake, and 8.49, 7.73 and 6.70 g/day of total nitrogen intake for treatments 2, 1 and 3 respectively. Although there was no significant effect in growth parameters, lambs fed T2 gained better final weight, total and daily gains, 34.20, 8.15 and 145.53 g/day respectively, however, lambs fed T3 recorded 31.52, 5.72 and 101.34 g/day for these parameters respectively. Lambs fed T1 and T2 achieved better values of feed conversion ratio as compared with lambs in T3. Lower digestion coefficients were recorded by lambs fed T2 as compared with lambs fed T1 and T3 with a slight difference in dry matter digestibility (58.39%) and organic matter digestibility (59.68%), and relatively high differences in crude protein digestibility (51.78%) and nitrogen-free extract digestibility (63.85%). Lambs fed T2 were prior in ether extract digestibility in comparison with lambs fed T3, where digestion coefficients were 59.92% and 55.09% respectively vs. 60.17% for control treatment. Crude fiber digestion coefficients were closed among the three treatments

Lagrangian and Eulerian Description of Bed Load Transport

Acknowledgments The research reported in this paper was partially supported by the Research Executive Agency, through the 7th Framework Programme of the European Union, Support for Training and Career Development of Researchers (Marie Curie‐FP7‐PEOPLE‐2012‐ITN), which funded the Initial Training Network (ITN) HYTECH “Hydrodynamic Transport in Ecologically Critical Heterogeneous Interfaces”, N.316546. The second author was supported by the UK's Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (grant EP/K013513/1). The authors wish to thank Andrea Marion and Andrea Bottacin Busolin for stimulating discussions on the definition framework, and John Buffington for handling the manuscript submission and for the extreme care put into the manuscript editing. Christophe Ancey, David Furbish, Joris Heyman, and PhD student Gauthier Rousseau provided thought‐provoking comments, thanks to which the manuscript was considerably improved. Data are available from the institutional web site of the Politecnico di Milano at http://intranet.dica.polimi.it/people/radice‐alessio/.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Application for stay of proceedings and unconditional appearance

Dispute in the construction industry is the most common and sometimes cannot be avoided. Arbitration is a popular method in resolving dispute in the construction industry. The law relating to arbitration in Malaysia is governed the Arbitration Act 2005. All standard forms of contract in Malaysia provide arbitration as the major method of dispute resolution. However, sometime a party may bring a dispute direct to litigation. The section 10 of the Act allows the other party to apply to the court for stay of the court proceedings provided that he has not taken any other steps in the proceedings. Entering appearance is one of the steps in any court’s proceedings. The entering of appearance may be conditional or unconditional. The courts seemed to have given inconsistent judgments whether or not entering of unconditional appearance as having taken steps in the proceedings. The objective of this research is to determine whether or not the entering of unconditional appearance a step in the proceedings. The methodology for this research is law case study method. The relevant law cases are extracted from the Malayan Law Journal. The examination of the law cases revealed that entering of unconditional appearance is not a step in the proceedings. Therefore, a party that intents to apply for a stay of court proceedings in order to resolve the dispute by arbitration need not be so much concern whether or not the entering of appearance is conditional or unconditional