61 research outputs found
Spatial-Distance Cues Influence Economic Decision-Making in a Social Context
Social distance (i.e., the degree of closeness to another person) affects the
way humans perceive and respond to fairness during financial negotiations.
Feeling close to someone enhances the acceptance of monetary offers. Here, we
explored whether this effect also extends to the spatial domain. Specifically,
using an iterated version of the Ultimatum Game in a within-subject design, we
investigated whether different visual spatial distance-cues result in
different rates of acceptance of otherwise identical monetary offers. Study 1
found that participants accepted significantly more offers when they were cued
with spatial closeness than when they were cued with spatial distance. Study 2
replicated this effect using identical procedures but different spatial-
distance cues in an independent sample. Importantly, our results could not be
explained by feelings of social closeness. Our results demonstrate that mere
perceptions of spatial closeness produce analogousâbut independentâeffects to
those of social closeness
20 Rollberger Kiez-Ansichten
20 ROLLBERGER KIEZ-ANSICHTEN
20 Rollberger Kiez-Ansichten / Fatfouta-Hanka, Firdaous (Rights reserved) ( -
I am the chosen one: Narcissism in the backdrop of self-determination theory
© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Objective: This theoretical article discusses the relevance of self-determination theory (SDT) for narcissism, a classic topic in self-theory. Method and Results: The trait of narcissism reflects a self-aggrandizing, dominant, and manipulative interpersonal orientation that feeds on exaggerated perceptions of agency, but not communion. The article embeds narcissism in the five mini-theories of SDT (organismic integration, causality orientations, basic needs, cognitive evaluation, and goal contents) and considers research directions that can explore synergies between key constructs from SDT and narcissism. Conclusions: SDT can serve as a foundation for a deeper understanding of narcissism. From the other end, narcissism can enrich SDT by explaining variations in motivational processes
As cold as a fish? Relationships between the Dark Triad personality traits and affective experience during the day: A day reconstruction study
The Dark Triad of personality is a cluster of three socially aversive personality traits: Machiavellianism,
narcissism and psychopathy. These traits are associated with a selfish, aggressive
and exploitative interpersonal strategy. The objective of the current study was to
establish relationships between the Dark Triad traits (and their dimensions) and momentary
affect. Machiavellianism, grandiose narcissism, vulnerable narcissism and the dimensions
of the Triarchic model of psychopathy (namely, boldness, meanness and disinhibition) were
examined. We used the Day Reconstruction Method, which is based on reconstructing
affective states experienced during the previous day. The final sample consisted of 270 university
students providing affective ratings of 3047 diary episodes. Analyses using multilevel
modelling showed that only boldness had a positive association with positive affective states
and affect balance, and a negative association with negative affective states. Grandiose
narcissism and its sub-dimensions had no relationship with momentary affect. The other
dark traits were related to negative momentary affect and/or inversely related to positive
momentary affect and affect balance. As a whole, our results empirically demonstrated distinctiveness
of the Dark Triad traits in their relationship to everyday affective states. These
findings are not congruent with the notion that people with the Dark Triad traits, who have a
dispositional tendency to manipulate and exploit others, are generally cold and invulnerable
to negative feelings. The associations between the Dark Triad and momentary affect were
discussed in the contexts of evolutionary and positive psychology, in relation to the role and
adaptive value of positive and negative emotions experienced by individuals higher in
Machiavellianism, narcissism and psychopathy
Forgiving, fast and slow: validity of the implicit association test for predicting differential response latencies in a transgression-recall paradigm
This study examined the role of automaticity in forgiving a real-life offense.
As an alternative to self-report, an Implicit Association Test (IAT) of
forgiveness was developed. Implicit (IAT-measured) and explicit (self-
reported) forgiveness predicted shorter response times of state forgiveness
ratings. The forgiveness IAT was highly reliable, moderately stable over time,
and demonstrated incremental validity. Results suggest that the newly
introduced forgiveness IAT could advance personality research beyond what is
known from self-report measures, further corroborating the notion of implicit
forgiveness. Implications for personality assessment are discussed
psychologische und neurowissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zur Vergebung
Forgiveness is central to social life because how we deal with relational
conflicts influences intra- and interpersonal functioning. Despite recent
progresses in forgiveness research, many problems remain unresolved. One set
of problems is methodological and involves the overreliance on forgiversâ
self-reports. Another set of problems is conceptual and involves the neglect
of important correlates of forgiveness, such as personality, psychopathology,
and brain function. The six studies constituting this dissertation represent
an attempt to address these issues and, via this, to advance a multifaceted
understanding of forgiveness. Study 1 developed and examined the psychometric
properties of an indirect (i.e., non- self-report) measure of forgiveness, the
forgiveness Implicit Association Test (IAT). As an objective behavioral
criterion of forgiving, Study 1 assessed the response time (RT) individuals
need to rate their current thoughts and feelings toward a real-life
transgressor (i.e., their state forgiveness). Study 2 extended Study 1 by
examining the processes underlying the generation of individualsâ forgiveness-
response decisions. Studies 3 and 4 examined how the personality trait of
narcissism relates to forgiveness (in particular, lack thereof). Specifically,
the mediating role of socio-cognitive variables (Study 3) and the moderating
role of conciliatory gestures (e.g., apology) were probed (Study 4). Study 5
explored how intrusive thoughts and actions (i.e., obsessive-compulsive [OC]
symptoms) relate to forgivenessâ conceptual foil, namely, revenge. Finally,
Study 6 combined behavioral and neuroimaging techniques to identify a neural
mechanism of forgiveness: the interplay between the medial prefrontal and
dorsal anterior cingulate cortex. In Study 1, I show that individuals high in
implicit (IAT-measured) and explicit (self- reported) forgiveness are faster
to rate their state forgiveness and that the forgiveness IAT has incremental
validity regarding the prediction of RT. Study 1 suggests that forgiveness
involves both implicit and explicit aspects, further accentuating the value of
RTs for capturing forgiveness-related information processing. In Study 2, I
demonstrate that the link between forgiveness and RT is mediated by
differential rumination about the transgression; individuals who were more
forgiving also tended to ruminate less about their transgression, which in
turn, promoted quicker responses. Thus, the ability to inhibit transgression-
related thoughts seems to speed information processing when rating oneâs state
forgiveness. Regarding personality correlates of forgiveness, in Study 3 I
provide evidence that states associated with lack of forgiveness â anger,
rumination, and diminished empathy â differentially mediate the link between
two distinct dimensions of narcissism (i.e., admiration and rivalry). Whereas
admiration was negatively related to lack of forgiveness via higher empathy,
rivalry was positively related to lack of forgiveness via more anger and
rumination and less empathy. By contrast, in Study 4 I show that the positive
rivalry/lack of forgiveness link can be altered (i.e., is moderated) by a
verbal expression of regret together with a costly apology. Whereas
motivations to retaliate against the transgressor remained unchanged,
motivations to avoid the transgressor could in fact be reduced. Together,
Studies 3 and 4 suggest narcissism to be a multidimensional construct and
underscore the distinct forgiveness-related consequences of its facets. In
Study 5, I show that OC symptoms in general, and obsessing in particular,
positively relate to a number of revenge-related phenomena (i.e., vengeful
attitudes, dispositions, and motivations) and heightened perceptions of
interpersonal transgressions in daily life. Similar to Studies 3 and 4,
individuals high in OC symptoms seem to be characterized by pronounced
unforgiveness. Finally, in Study 6 I show that forgiveness involves reduced
connectivity between two brain regions: the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
(DACC), which is involved in conflict detection, and the medial prefrontal
cortex (MPFC), which is involved in mentalizing. MPFC/DACC connectivity was
inversely related to implicit but not explicit forgiveness, again highlighting
the utility of the forgiveness IAT even for the assessment of spontaneous
brain activity. In sum, all six studies suggest that forgiveness is a complex
phenomenon that is influenced by a multitude of situational as well as
relational factors and can only be fully understood if we use a multi-method
approach.Vergebung ist zentral fĂŒr das Sozialleben, denn wie wir mit
zwischenmenschlichen Konflikten umgehen hat sowohl intra- als auch
interpersonale Konsequenzen. Trotz jĂŒngster Fortschritte in der
Vergebungsforschung bleiben viele Probleme ungelöst. Probleme methodischer Art
betreffen die nahezu ausschlieĂliche Verwendung von Selbstberichtsfragebögen
fĂŒr die Erfassung von Vergebung. Probleme konzeptueller Art betreffen die
VernachlÀssigung wichtiger Korrelate von Vergebung wie Persönlichkeit,
Psychopathologie und Hirnfunktionen. Die sechs empirischen BeitrÀge, die den
Kern dieser Dissertation bilden, stellen einen Versuch dar, diesen Problemen
nachzugehen. Ziel ist es, ein differenzierteres VerstÀndnis von Vergebung zu
gewinnen. Studie 1 entwickelte und evaluierte die psychometrischen
Eigenschaften eines indirekten (d.h. nicht auf Selbstbericht beruhenden)
VergebungsmaĂes, nĂ€mlich den Impliziten Assoziationstest (IAT) fĂŒr Vergebung.
Als objektives Verhaltenskriterium fĂŒr Vergebung diente die Reaktionszeit
(RZ), mit der Personen ihre momentanen Gedanken und GefĂŒhle im Hinblick auf
eine real erlebte Verletzung einschĂ€tzen (d.h. ihre âZustandsvergebungâ).
Studie 2 erweiterte Studie 1 um die Betrachtung von Prozessen, die der
Generierung dieser RZ-Werte zugrunde liegen. Hinsichtlich der
Persönlichkeitskorrelate von Vergebung untersuchten Studien 3 und 4 wie
dispositionaler Narzissmus mit Vergebung (bzw. deren Mangel) zusammenhÀngt.
Insbesondere wurden die vermittelnde Rolle sozio- kognitiver Variablen (Studie
3) sowie die moderierende Wirkung versöhnlicher Gesten (z.B. das Vorhandensein
einer Entschuldigung) getestet (Studie 4). Studie 5 fokussierte darauf, wie
Zwangsgedanken und damit einhergehende Zwangshandlungen (d.h. obsessiv-
kompulsive Symptome) mit Rache zusammenhÀngen. Studie 6 kombinierte
behaviorale und funktionelle Bildgebungsverfahren, um einen neuronalen
Mechanismus von Vergebung zu identifizieren: das Zusammenspiel zwischen medial
prÀfrontalem und dorsal anteriorem Kortex. Studie 1 zeigt, dass hoch
vergebende Personen â sowohl implizit (IAT) als auch explizit
(selbstberichtet) gemessen â schneller waren, wenn es um die EinschĂ€tzung
ihrer Gedanken und GefĂŒhle gegenĂŒber dem Transgressor geht und dass der
Vergebungs-IAT inkrementell valide fĂŒr die RZ-Vorhersage ist. Studie 1 deutet
darauf hin, dass Vergebung sowohl implizite als auch explizite Aspekte
beinhaltet. Daneben scheinen RZen einen Mehrwert fĂŒr die Erfassung
vergebungsbezogener Informationen zu besitzen. Studie 2 demonstriert, dass der
Zusammenhang zwischen Vergebung und RZ ĂŒber interindividuelle Unterschiede in
der Ruminationsneigung ĂŒber die Transgression vermittelt wird: Personen,die
vergebender waren, ruminierten weniger ĂŒber die Transgression, was wiederum
schnelleres Antwortverhalten begĂŒnstigt. Demnach scheint die FĂ€higkeit,
transgressionsbezogene Gedanken zu inhibieren, die Informationsverarbeitung
beim EinschĂ€tzen der âZustandsvergebungâ zu beschleunigen. Studie 3 weist auf,
dass der Zusammenhang zwischen zwei distinkten Narzissmusfacetten (d.h.
Bewunderung und RivalitĂ€t) und dem Mangel an Vergebung differenziell ĂŒber die
sozio-kognitiven Variablen ZustandsÀrger, Zustandsrumination und
Zustandsempathie vermittelt werden. Die Beziehung zwischen Bewunderung und
Mangel an Vergebung war negativ und wurde ĂŒber mehr Empathie fĂŒr den
Transgressor vermittelt; die Beziehung zwischen RivalitÀt und Mangel an
Vergebung war positiv und wurde ĂŒber mehr Ărger, mehr Rumination und weniger
Empathie vermittelt. Studie 4 hingegen verdeutlicht, dass die positive
Beziehung zwischen RivalitÀt und Mangel an Vergebung verÀndert (d.h.
moderiert) werden kann, sofern eine verbale Entschuldigung mit Kosten fĂŒr den
Transgressor dargeboten wird. Allerdings wird nur die Vermeidungsmotivation
gegenĂŒber dem Transgressor reduziert, wohingegen die Rachemotivation nahezu
unverÀndert bleibt. Zusammen deuten Studien 3 und 4 darauf hin, dass
Narzissmus ein mehrdimensionales Konstrukt darstellt, dessen Facetten
distinkte Konsequenzen fĂŒr Vergebung besitzen. Studie 5 liefert einen Beleg
dafĂŒr, dass obsessiv- kompulsive Symptome im Allgemeinen und Obsessionen im
Besonderen positiv mit verschiedenen rachebezogenen PhÀnomenen (z.B.
Einstellungen, Dispositionen und Motivationen) sowie einer erhöhten
Wahrnehmung von interpersonalen Verletzungen zusammenhĂ€ngen. Ăhnlich zu
Studien 3 und 4 scheinen Personen, die an obsessiv- kompulsiven Symptomen
leiden, durch einen Mangel an Vergebung charakterisierbar zu sein. SchlieĂlich
zeigt Studie 6, dass Vergebung mit einer reduzierten funktionellen
KonnektivitÀt zwischen dem dorsalen anterioren cingulÀren Kortex (DACC) und
dem medialen prÀfrontalen Kortex (MPFC) einhergeht. Die MPFC/DACC
KonnektivitÀt hing negativ mit impliziter aber nicht expliziter Vergebung
zusammen, was erneut den inkrementellen Nutzen des Vergebungs-IATs sogar fĂŒr
die Erfassung spontaner HirnaktivitÀt verdeutlicht. Zusammengenommen deuten
diese Befunde daraufhin, dass Vergebung ein komplexes PhÀnomen darstellt, das
von einer Vielzahl situativer und relationaler Faktoren beeinflusst wird und
nur unter Einsatz mehrerer Messmethoden besser verstanden werden kann
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