A Finite-Element Model of Basal Water Generated by Melting in an Ice Sheet Model

It is well known that water is produced at the bed of an ice sheet when the temperature of the bed reaches the pressure melting point. The current ice sheet model, with its ability to calculate temperatures throughout the ice sheet, is also able to calculate melt rates at the bed. By incorporating a model of the continuity equation for the basal-water flow, this project will attempt to follow the movement of this water under the ice sheet as it flows from source regions to sink regions. The ability to predict wet-based regions is important to the understanding of the occurrence of the sliding mechanism, which is thought to control ice stream dynamics. The primary task will be to ascribe physical meaning to the parameters of the basal-water continuity equation. This will involve extracting, from observational evidence, the laws governing the flow of subglacial water. These will need to capture the essence of the underlying physics and yet remain simple enough to be treatable within the discretized and generalized snapshot of reality provided by numerical simulations. The primary effort will focus on compiling and analyzing the existing observational and theoretical constraints on ice-sheet hydrology. These data will be used to evaluate which modes of subglacial water flow are the most important and what values of parameters must be used to best incorporate the subglacial processes into the ice sheet model

Embedded Ice Sheet Model

This award supports the development of an embedded ice sheet model, one where a section of the ice sheet (at a mesoscale) is modeled at higher resolution, but is driven by output from a lower-resolution model of the entire ice sheet (at a global scale). In addition to giving higher resolution results, it will be better able to capture the behavior of small-scale, but dynamically important, systems such as ice streams. It will also be possible with the new embedded model to include more complete physics (such as longitudinal stresses). This project will enable the continued development and application of a scientific tool, the University of Maine Ice Sheet Model (UMISM). This tool enables a better understanding of the ice sheet and the processes that control mesoscale features of the ice sheet system, such as ice streams. The key to the development of a truly predictive model is a bridge between the larger-scale physics of an ice sheet and the smaller-scale processes that exert such important control over the dynamic behavior of the ice sheet system. The results of this work will be disseminated at meetings and by publication in appropriate technical journals

Derived Quantities: A Coupled Dynamic/Thermodynamic Ice Sheet Model

This award is for support for a program of research involving the use of inverse modeling to derive information from the measured configuration of an ice sheet to yield important information about the conditions both at the bed and within the ice column. It is proposed to convert a column-averaged model to a column- integrated model that accounts explicitly for internal thermodynamics and variations of material properties that depend on this internal temperature field. An existing finite-element 3- D temperature solver will be coupled with an existing finite- element map-plane continuity solver. The result will allow more detailed analysis of existing field data within the context of the assumptions of the model. This improved model will be used to derive quantities describing the basal conditions of the Antarctic ice sheet, with particular focus on the behavior of ice streams around the margin of the continent

Ice-Bed Coupling Beneath and Beyond Ice Streams: Byrd Glacier, Antarctica

Ice sheet thickness is determined mainly by the strength of ice-bed coupling that controls holistic transitions from slow sheet flow to fast streamflow to buttressing shelf flow. Byrd Glacier has the largest ice drainage system in Antarctica and is the fastest ice stream entering Ross Ice Shelf. In 2004 two large subglacial lakes at the head of Byrd Glacier suddenly drained and increased the terminal ice velocity of Byrd Glacier from 820 m yr(-1) to 900 m yr(-1). This resulted in partial ice-bed recoupling above the lakes and partial decoupling along Byrd Glacier. An attempt to quantify this behavior is made using flowband and flowline models in which the controlling variable for ice height above the bed is the floating fraction phi of ice along the flowband and flowline. Changes in phi before and after drainage are obtained from available data, but more reliable data in the map plane are required before Byrd Glacier can be modeled adequately. A holistic sliding velocity is derived that depends on phi, with contributions from ice shearing over coupled beds and ice stretching over uncoupled beds, as is done in state-of-the-art sliding theories

Evidence for a Frozen Bed, Byrd Glacier, Antarctica

Ice thickness, computed within the fjord region of Byrd Glacier on the assumptions that Byrd Glacier is in mass-balance equilibrium and that ice velocity is entirely due to basal sliding, are on average 400 m less than measured ice thicknesses along a radio-echo profile. We consider four explanations for these differences: (1) active glacier ice is separated from a zone of stagnant ice near the base of the glacier by a shear zone at depth; (2) basal melting rates are some 8 m/yr; (3) internal shear occurs with no basal sliding in much of the region above the grounding zone; or (4) internal creep and basal sliding contribute to the flow velocity in varying proportions above the grounding zone. Large gradients of surface strain rate seem to invalidate the first explanation. Computed values of basal shear stress (140 to 200 kPa) provide insufficient frictional heat to melt the ice demanded by the second explanation. Both the third and fourth explanations were examined by making simplifying assumptions that prevented a truly quantitative evaluation of their merit. Nevertheless, there is no escaping the qualitative conclusion that internal shear contributes strongly to surface velocities measured on Byrd Glacier, as is postulated in both these explanations

Collaborative Research: Did the Laurentine Ice Sheet Control Abrupt Climate Change?

This is a collaborative project with the University of Maine and Ohio State University. The Principal Investigators will model the late glacial Laurentide Ice Sheet from near steady-state equilibrium at - 25,000 BP (years before present), through reversible stadial/interstadial transitions associated with Laurentide iceberg outbursts (Heinrich events 2 and 1), and across the threshold of irreversible Laurentide collapse after the last iceberg outburst at - 1 1,000 BP (Heinrich event 0). The goals are to determine if ice-sheet changes could have triggered climate changes by abrupt ice sheet change and to investigate the structure of these changes. The Principal Investigators will isolate mechanisms of abrupt change over hundreds of years in the ice sheet that are large enough to trigger climate changes captured as time snapshots by coupled global and regional atmospheric climate models. Specific modeling tasks are: 1) to provide the climate settings surrounding the Laurentide Ice Sheet at snapshots of time during this late glacial period. This includes the wind field over the ice sheet, proglacial lakes along the border, the fine-resolution mesoscale climate of North America, and global climate; 2) to provide the basal boundary conditions that, together with the internal flow and temperature fields, are used to calculate the basal mass balance. This includes the pattern of basal temperatures, melting and freezing rates, and the associated subglacial hydrology; 3) to model the Laurentide Ice Sheet basal thermal, hydrological, and mechanical conditions within the imposed and basal boundary constraints for the chosen timeframe; and 4) to determine whether modeling will isolate mechanisms of abrupt change that allow rapid advance and retreat of Laurentide ice, with areal, elevation, and volume changes large enough to trigger climate changes that are captured by our snapshots of regional and global climate.This project has significance for educational outreach and the possible behavior of present-day ice sheets. The education outreach program will be interactive with high school students. They will be able to manipulate the major variables so that they can view three-dimensional computer simulations of how the Laurentide Ice Sheet responds to each variable. This program will be disseminated on the world-wide web. If fluctuations in the Laurentide Ice Sheet triggered climate changes, then the possibility exists that present-day ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica could trigger similar climate changes, with major social, economic, and political consequences. A way to assess this possibility is to understand the internal instability mechanisms that could have caused abrupt changes in Laurentide ice extent, and to tie them firmly to known late glacial climate changes

The Agent Institute: Develop an Infrastructure for Agent-Based Research and Development for the State of Maine

This award provides support to establish The Agent Institute (AI), an organization anticipated to become self-sustaining and generally enhance research and development for the State of Maine. The AI will promote interactions between industry and foster computer-technology research, specifically in software development and software-hardware relationships in the area of robotics. Industrial applications in extreme or hazardous environments will be emphasized because agent-based systems are designed to read/sense environmental information, make decisions, and take actions based on the information sensed and processed. The award provides an initial two years of salary support to hire an executive director and an administrative assistant. These individuals will be responsible for developing a series of workshops designed to bring researchers and developers with interests and expertise in agent-based systems together in collaborative projects. Education and outreach efforts will also be part of the AI\u27s mission to bring knowledge about this area to K-12 educators and schools with the goal of encouraging students toward careers in agent-based systems and high technology in general

Detailed Spatially Distributed Geothermal Heat-flow Data for Modeling of Basal Temperatures and Meltwater Production Beneath the Fennoscandian Ice Sheet

Accurate modeling of ice sheets requires proper information on boundary conditions, including the geothermal heat flow (or heat-flow density (HFD)). Traditionally, one uniform HFD value is adopted for the entire modeled domain. We have calculated a distributed, high-resolution HFD dataset for an approximate core area (Sweden and Finland) of the Scandinavian ice sheet, and imbedded this within lower-resolution data published for surrounding regions. Within the Last Glacial Maximum ice margin, HFD varies with a factor of as much as 2.8 (HFD values ranging between 30 and 83mWm–2), with an average of 49mWm–2. This average value is 17% higher than 42mWm–2, a common uniform value used in ice-sheet modeling studies of Fennoscandia. Using this new distributed dataset on HFD, instead of a traditional uniform value of 42mWm–2, yields a 1.4 times larger total basal meltwater production for the last glacial cycle. Furthermore, using the new dataset in high-resolution modeling results in increased spatial thermal gradients at the bed. This enhances and introduces new local and regional effects on basal ice temperatures and melt rates. We observed significant strengthening of local ‘ice streaming’, which in one case correlates to an ice-flow event previously interpreted from geomorphology. Regional to local variations in geothermal heat flow need to be considered for proper identification and treatment of thermal and hydraulic bed conditions, most likely also when studying Laurentide, Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets

MRI: Acquisition of a High Performance Cluster for the University of Maine Scientific Grid Portal

This project, acquiring a cluster to establish a scientific grid portal in Maine, aims to enable projects requiring large datasets. The work makes available to the wider community results such as widely-used whole-ice sheet models, tools for climate change research, prototype versions of object-based caching system (bundled with MPI-IO implementation developed at Argonne National Lab), the data management system, real-time animations, videos, etc. Additionally, the portal provides the larger community the compute power, storage capacity, and rendering engine to execute very high-resolution models, and receive animations and other visualized information in real time.Broader Impact: The infrastructure enhances understanding of global issues and contributes in the development of educational tools for K-12 students. The scientific grid portal contributes in the dissemination of important scientific discoveries. The portal also provides a show-case for research being performed in the state