Sexual selection

Spolna selekcija je selekcija onih karakteristika koje su povezane s reproduktivnim uspjehom i borbom za spolnoga partnera. Takve karakteristike povećavaju šansu jedinke za uspješnim razmnožavanjem i prenošenjem svojih gena na potomstvo. Porijeklo spolne selekcije je u nastanku anizogamnih organizama, odnosno dva spola s različitim gametama i različitim reproduktivnim uspjehom. Spolna selekcija većinom djeluje na muški spol jer oni imaju veći reproduktivni uspjeh, mogu proizvesti više potomstva, a manje ulažu u potomstvo i stoga su manje „ograničavajući“ spol. Dva mehanizma preko kojih djeluje ovaj oblik selekcije su borba mužjaka i odabir ženke. Borbom mužjaka razvijaju se „oružja“, a odabirom ženke „atributi“. Ponekad djeluje i dodatni, treći mehanizam koji se naziva borba spolova ili spolni konflikt. Posljedica spolne selekcije je i različitost između spolova jedinki iste vrste, odnosno spolni dimorfizam. Osim na životinje, spolna selekcija ponekad djeluje i na biljke, prvenstveno, dvospolne biljke cvjetnjače. One spolnom selekcijom stvaraju cvjetove koji su ljepši, uočljiviji i primamljiviji oprašivačima, čime povećavaju svoj reproduktivni uspjeh.Sexual selection is a selection of characteristics that are associated with reproductive success and competition for the mate. Those characteristics increase chances of an individual for successful reproduction and chances of passing their genes to the next generation. The origin of sexual selection is associated with evolution of anisogamous organism, two sexes that produced different gametes and had different reproductive success. Sexual selection mostly operates on males because they have bigger reproductive success, create larger offspring but invest less in it and because of that, they are called less limited sex. This type of selection works thru two mechanism: male to male combat and female choice. Traits or characteristics selected by male to male combat are referred to as "weapons", and traits selected by female choice are called "ornaments". Sometimes, there is a third mechanism called sexual conflict. The consequences of sexual selection are difference between males and females of a species that are called sexual dimorphisms. Besides the animals, sexual selection sometimes operates on plants, primarly on hermaphroditic flowering plants. By sexual selection they create flowers that are more beautiful, noticeble and more attractive to pollinators, which increses their reproductive success

Managing Change in Banking Organisations

Banks and credit institutions must be managed in order to ensure that they adapt to ever-changing social needs and consumer expectations. This is an everyday lesson, but to be honest, such teachings do not say much. Practising professionals in the banking sector need something more specific and practical to be able to manage changes effectively. The findings of this paper are based on desk research and field research. Empirical evidence is provided by the application of change management models of other sectors, for the banking sector. The goal of this paper is to enlarge the relevant knowledge that is needed more than ever by the Hungarian banking sector in order to tackle the challenges it faces. And experiences show that the knowledge base available is rather limited. Since change management has never made a special attempt to resolve the organisational changes of the banking sector neither on the international nor on the domestic scene, and because references to banking organisations are few, it is also goal of this paper to show Hungarian and international mini cases and literature examples where the change management was implemented successfully and that offer lessons for other organizations. This work is licensed under a&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</p

Croatian Latin Script Throughout the Centuries

It is little known among the general public that the Croatian Latin alphabet has not always possessed all the letters that we use today. This paper presents a general overview of all significant attempts to reform the Croatian Latin script in works written in the Croatian language and the Latin script. The influence of other Latin writings on the formation of the Croatian Latin script and the path of development from the first Croatian Latin writings to the present day are considered. The most important accounts of the development of Croatian Latin writing and the scholarly debate that they have generated are discusse

Motor Skills in Hearing Impaired Children with or without Cochlear Implant – A Systematic Review

Hearing impairment is a major limitation in communication, and it can obstruct psychological development, development of social skills and motor development. Hearing impairment is the third most common contemporary chronic health condition, and it has become a public health problem. The effectiveness of problem solving in everyday life and in emergency situations depends greatly on the amount and quality of the motor programs. Therefore, it is evident that the normal motor development in persons with hearing impairment is essential for everyday life. The aim of this research is to analyze the available information pertaining to motor skills of hearing impaired children both with and without a cochlear implant (CI) and to analyze possibilities of infl uencing their motor skills. The relevant studies on motor skills of hearing impaired children both with and without CI were obtained by an extensive computer search of various databases using special keywords and extraction with respect to certain criteria, resulting in 22 studies. The overall results of this systematic review indicate that the children with hearing impairment exhibit suboptimal levels of motor skills especially balance. Very few studies compared children with hearing impairment with CI units and without CI units and the results of those studies are quite contradictory. Numerous studies have confi rmed that the regular and appropriate physical exercise can improve motor skills of children with hearing impairment, especially balance. The fact that the development of motor skills is crucial for the child’s interaction with the outside world, action, perception and acquisition of academic skills and other skills necessary for life shows the importance of motor skills development for children with hearing impairment

Nonprofit Organizations in the Knowledge Based Economy – Organizational Development and Professionalization

International research results underpin that turbulent, continuously changing environment makes everyday operations for nonprofit (nongovernmental, voluntary) sector organizations harder. It also can be observed that in this situation, nonprofit organizations acquire knowledge from business sector organizations which enables them to improve their structures and processes. They implement methods of the business sector as means of ensuring long term existence, better performance and sustainable success. In recent years, this process has generated new dilemmas for those who are concerned with the future of this sector: if and how the strengthening focus on knowledge processes such as learning and development of individuals working for nonprofit organizations impact organizational knowledge and organizational development and, how important professionalization is for them.The goal of this paper is, to give an overview of special issues of learning and growing professionalization of non profit organizations, and to contribute to the research of these processes. Empirical evidence is provided on the base of a large sample survey that involves approximately 1.000 Hungarian foundations or associations. With the help of the research findings the paper shall expand our general knowledge about professionalization trends in the sector, and also provide deeper insight in details of the relationship between participation in organizational development programs and becoming more professional in everyday operations and services. This work is licensed under a&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</p

Hospital in Meeting Comprehensive Health Goals

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion put forward the idea that health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life. This settings approach to HP led to a number of initiatives, among them HPH. The HPH strategy focuses on four areas: promoting the health of patients, promoting the health of staff, changing the organization to a health promoting setting, and promoting the health of the community in the catchments area of the hospital. The need for and the relevance of setting standards for HP in hospitals was realized in the International Network of HPH, which acts as a network of networks linking all national and/or regional networks. It supports the exchange of ideas and strategies implemented in different cultures and health care systems, developing knowledge on strategic issues and enlarging the vision. Nowadays, the International Network of HPH comprises 30 member states, 33 national and/or regional networks and more than 650 hospitals. There is international consensus that patients should be given recommendations, guidance, and support with regard to HP in hospitals. An important element is the activation of the patient’s individual resources and competences in coping with disease. Example of effective intervention of this type of services is the case of Golnik hospital, where introducing specific type of treatment for specific group of patients has developed from hospital vision to national clinical pathway implementation

Towards a morphology of cobalt nanoparticles: size and strain effects

Cobalt nanoparticles with diameters of 8 nm have recently shown promising performance for biomedical applications. However, it is still unclear how the shape of cobalt clusters changes with size when reaching the nanoparticle range. In the present work, density functional theory calculations have been employed to compare the stabilities of two non-crystalline (icosahedron and decahedron) shapes, and three crystalline motifs (hcp, fcc, and bcc) for magic numbered cobalt clusters with up to 1500 atoms, based on the changes in the cohesive energies, coordination numbers, and nearest-neighbour distances arising from varying geometries. Obtained trends were extrapolated to a 104 size range, and an icosahedral shape was predicted for clusters up to 5500 atoms. Larger sized clusters adopt hcp stacking, in correspondence with the bulk phase. To explain the crystalline/non-crystalline crossovers, the contributions of the elastic strain density and twin boundary from the specimen surfaces to the cohesive energy of different motifs were evaluated. These results are expected to aid the design and synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles for applications ranging from catalysis to biomedical treatments