Ecological Studies Of Aedes Mosquitoes In Banda Aceh, Indonesia 5 Years After Tsunami

Aceh merupakan wilayah yang paling dekat dengan pusat gempa dan kawasan paling teruk terjejas oleh gempa bumi Lautan Hindi yang melanda Sumatera Utara, Nicobar dan Pulau Andaman pada tahun 2004. Kajian telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji ekologi populasi nyamuk vektor di kawasan yang dilanda tsunami dan yang tidak dilanda tsunami di Banda Aceh, Indonesia. Kelimpahan populasi nyamuk Aedes sebagai vektor denggi di kawasan telah dikaji dengan menggunakan ovitrap dari bulan Januari hingga Disember 2010. Disamping itu tinjauan habitat larva selama setahun menunjukkan bahawa bilangan peringkat tidak matang di kawasan yang dilanda tsunami adalah lebih tinggi daripada kawasan bebas tsunami. Jumlah telur yang dikumpulkan adalah lebih tinggi dalam musim yang kering berbanding dengan musim hujan, dan didapati yang lebih tinggi di dalam daripada di luar rumah. Dalam kaji selidik bekas, 2,436 bekas daripada 800 rumah di kawasan tsunami dan bebas tsunami dan sebanyak empat belas jenis bekas direkodkan menjadi habitat larva di dalam atau di luar rumah di ke dua – dua kawasan. Aceh was the province closest to the epicenter and the hardest-hit area by Indian Ocean earthquake that hit Northern Sumatra, the Nicobar and Andaman Island. A research was conducted to study the ecology of mosquito vector populations in tsunami-affected areas and in areas not affected by the tsunami in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The abundance of Aedes mosquito populations as vectors of dengue in the area was studied using ovitraps from January to December 2010. In addition, a year long larval surveillance in the tsunami and non tsunami affected areas showed that the number of immature stages in the tsunami affected areas was higher than the non tsunami affected areas. The number of eggs collected was higher in the dry period compared to the wet period, and were found higher indoors than outdoors. In the survey of containers, 2436 containers contained larvae from 800 households in the tsunami and non-tsunami affected areas and a total of fourteen type of containers were recorded as common larval habitats indoor or outdoor in both areas

Identifikasi Protozoa Gastrointestinal pada Orangutan Sumatera (Pongo abelii) dan Orangutan Kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) di Taman Satwa Sumatera Utara

Infeksi protozoa merupakan salah satu penyakit parasitik yang umumnya bersifat kronis serta menyebabkan penurunan berat badan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui protozoa gastrointestinal yang menginfeksi orangutan sumatera (Pongo abelii) dan orangutan kalimantan (Pongo pygmaeus) yang berada di Taman Satwa Sumatera Utara serta protozoa dari genus apa saja yang menginfeksi orangutan tersebut. Sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan sampel feses yang didapat dari 1 individu orangutan sumatera dan 2 individu orangutan kalimantan. Sampel diambil tiga kali dalam kurun waktu yang berbeda dengan interval 3 minggu. Sampel feses diambil pada pagi hari kemudian ditambahkan dengan formalin 10% dengan perbandingan 1:1. Pemeriksaan sampel dengan menggunakan metode floatasi, metode modified Ziehl-Neelsen, dan metode sedimentasi formol-eter. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa 2 dari 3 orangutan di Taman Satwa Sumatera Utara positif terinfeksi protozoa gastrointestinal. Orangutan sumatera bernama Stevee tidak terifeksi protozoa gastrointestinal dan orangutan kalimantan bernama Simba dan Hamidah positif terinfeksi genus protozoa gastrointestinal yaitu, Entamoeba sp., Balantidium sp. dan Cryptosporidium parvum

Ovitrap use in epidemiology study of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Kuta Alam sub-district Banda Aceh, Indonesia

A study on the mosquitoes Aedes spp. has been conducted in Kuta Alam Sub-district, Banda Aceh, to find out the percentage and distribution of positive ovitrap with eggs of Aedes aegypti and A. albopictus, based on location of ovitrap, level of rainfall as well as different landuse of settlement areas. Sampling was conducted by setting up ovitrap monthly, from January to December 2010 in settlement area that have more trees versus less trees, both indoor and outdoor. Data of the ovitrap percentage that was proved to be positive with eggs of A. aegypti and A. albopictus was analized using Student T-Test. The study revealed that rainfall value did not significantly affect (P0.05) the percentage of positive A. aegypti and  A. albopictus ovitraps and neither  did the location of ovitrap (indoor versus outdoor). The settlement areas with more trees have significantly higher percentage of ovitraps containing A. albopictus than areas with less trees, but not significant for A. aegypti (P0.05). It was suggested that rainfall and location of ovitrap did not influence the number of ovitrap containing Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus eggs, while settlement landuse  influenced significantly the percentage of positive ovitraps for Aedes albopictus, but not for Aedes. aegypti. Between two villages in Kuta Alam sub-district, it was found out that Gampong Beurawe was dominated by Aedes albopictus while Gampong Kuta Alam by Aedes aegypti. Overall, the sensitivity of ovitrap in Kuta Alam subdistrict was 83,7%. The usage of ovitrap is thus recommended for monitoring of Aedes spp. control program

Co-breeding association of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae) in relation to location and container size

The occurrence of major outbreaks of dengue, and other vector borne diseases such as chikungunya and zikain tropical and subtropicalregions has rendered control of the diseases a top-priority formany affected countries including Malaysia. Control of the mosquito vectors Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus through the reduction of breeding sites and the application of insecticidesto kill immature forms and adults are the main control efforts to combat these diseases. The present study describes the association between Ae. albopictus and Ae. aegypti in shared breeding sites. This study is important given that any measure taken against one species may affect the other. A yearlong larval survey was conducted in four dengue endemic areas of Penang Island.Sorenson’s coefficient index indicated that no association between number of the immatures of the two species regardless of container size and study location.Therefore, the mean number Ae. albopictusimmature was not decreased in the presence of Ae. aegypti in shared breeding container. However Ae. aegypti appeared to prefer breeding in habitats not occupied by Ae. albopictus, the two species sharing breeding sites only where available containers were limited. In control efforts, eliminating the preferred breeding containers for one species might not affect or reduce the population of the other species

Perbandingan Aktivitas Antelmintik Albendazole dan Levamisole terhadap Ascaridia galli secara In Vitro

Penelitian ini meneliti aktivitas antelmintik albendazole dan levamisole terhadap hambatan motilitas, percepatan waktu paralisis, dan motilitas cacing Ascaridia galli dewasa secara in vitro. Sebanyak empat ekor cacing masing dibuat triplikat dalam NaCl 0,9% masing-masing dengan konsentrasi 15 mg/ml Albendazole, dan 0.6 mg/ml Levamisole. Motilitas cacing diamati pada interval 10, 20, 30, dan 40 jam. Paralisis dan kematian diamati pada tampilan tidak ada pergerakan badan pada bagian kepala dan ekor cacing. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas albendazole dan levamisole terhadap mortalitas A. galli berturut-turut terjadi pada 40 dan 30 jam pasca inkubasi. Levamisole dapat menghambat motilitas A. galli pada jam ke 10 dan juga menyebabkan lebih awal paralisis pada 6,75 ± 0,50 jam pasca inkubasi. Kajian tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa aktivitas antelmintik levamisole lebih awal dibandingkan efek albendazole pada cacing A. galli

AKTIVITAS ANTELMINTIK BIJI Veitchia merrillii TERHADAP Ascaridia galli SECARA IN VITRO

The objective of this research was to evaluate the anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of nuts Veitchia merrillii against intestinal nematode, Ascaridia galli. Phytochemical tests were performed for testing different chemicals group present in the extract. The effect of these extract were determined by in vitro based on inhibition of motility and mortality of worms. Amount of four worms were exposed in triplicate to each of phosphate buffered saline, 25 mg/mL, and 75 mg/mL crude ethanolic extract of V. merrillii, and 15 mg/mL albendazole. The motility of worm was observed on 9, 18, 27, and 36 hours interval. The mortality of worms were recognized by their straight flat appearance with no movements at the head and tail regions of the body. We found that the ethanolic extract of V. merrillii contains tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenoids, and saponins neither steroid. Based on the in vitro trials conducted using above extract at 25 and 75 mg/mL concentration, the extract of V. merrillii showed anthelmintic effect. The extract of V. merrillii was effective at 75 mg/mL concentration only. The study indicated that it is potential to develop herbal-based anthelmintic to control A. galli in poutry.Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengevaluasi aktivitas antelmintik ekstrak etanol biji Veitchia merrillii terhadap nematoda intestinal, Ascaridia galli. Metode fitokimia dilakukan untuk menguji keberadaan jenis kimiawi di dalam ekstrak. Efek dari ekstrak tersebut ditentukan melalui in vitro berdasarkan hambatan pergerakan dan kematian cacing. Sebanyak empat ekor cacing masing diperlakukan triplikat dalam phosphate buffered saline, 25 mg/mL, dan 75 mg/mL larutan ekstrak V. merrillii, dan 15 mg/mL albendazole. Pergerakan cacing diamati pada interval 9, 18, 27, dan 36 jam. Kematian cacing ditentukan berdasarkan ada tidaknya pergerakan badan, bagian kepala, dan ekor cacing. Kami menemukan bahwa larutan ekstrak V. merrillii mengandung tanin, alkaloid, flavonoid, triterpenoid, saponin, tetapi tidak mengandung steroid. Berdasarkan percobaan in vitro, penggunaan konsentrasi 25 dan 75 mg/mL ekstrak V. merrillii menunjukkan efek antelmintik. Ekstrak V. merrillii tersebut hanya efektif pada konsentrasi 75 mg/mL. Kajian tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa antelmintik berbasis herbal untuk mengendalikan A. galli berpontesi dikembangkan

Histopathological Changes of Egg Cells in the Uterine of Ascaridia galli after Treatment with Extract of Veitchia merrillii Nuts

The aim of the study was to observe the histopathological changes of the entire egg cells in the uterine of Ascaridia galli worms treated with crude ethanolic extract of Veitchia merrillii nuts. Histopathological changes of the entire egg cells were observed to describe that the activity of extract V. merrillii nuts interfered the reproduction process could decrease the quantity and quality of A. galli eggs. The experiments consisted of 16 head A. galli female adult worms divided into four groups, contained four worms of each, and maintained in 0.9% phosphate buffered saline (PBS). First group, a negative control experiment consisted of A. galli in 0.9% PBS. Second group, concentration of 15 mg/mL albendazole was used as a positive control. Third group and fourth group, in vitro exposure of the worms to the crude ethanolic extract V. merrillii nuts at a concentration of 25 mg/mL and 75 mg/mL, respectively. The histopathological changes of egg cells in the uterine region of stained worms was evaluated by light microscopic examination at 40x magnification. The results showed that shrinkage and disintegration of the entire egg cells in the breakage of uterus. The results indicate that the possible use of the plant as a potential anthelmintic against A. galli, the intestinal nematode parasite of domestic fowl

Studi terhadap kejadian infeksi cestoda pada ayam buras di Kota Banda Aceh

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Intensitas larva nematoda pada padang rumput pengembalaan ternak di Aceh Besar

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