Evidence for a spectroscopic direct detection of reflected light from 51 Peg b

The detection of reflected light from an exoplanet is a difficult technical challenge at optical wavelengths. Even though this signal is expected to replicate the stellar signal, not only is it several orders of magnitude fainter, but it is also hidden among the stellar noise. We apply a variant of the cross-correlation technique to HARPS observations of 51 Peg to detect the reflected signal from planet 51 Peg b. Our method makes use of the cross-correlation function of a binary mask with high-resolution spectra to amplify the minute planetary signal that is present in the spectra by a factor proportional to the number of spectral lines when performing the cross correlation. The resulting cross-correlation functions are then normalized by a stellar template to remove the stellar signal. Carefully selected sections of the resulting normalized CCFs are stacked to increase the planetary signal further. The recovered signal allows probing several of the planetary properties, including its real mass and albedo. We detect evidence for the reflected signal from planet 51 Peg b at a significance of 3\sigma_noise. The detection of the signal permits us to infer a real mass of 0.46^+0.06_-0.01 M_Jup (assuming a stellar mass of 1.04\;M_Sun) for the planet and an orbital inclination of 80^+10_-19 degrees. The analysis of the data also allows us to infer a tentative value for the (radius-dependent) geometric albedo of the planet. The results suggest that 51Peg b may be an inflated hot Jupiter with a high albedo (e.g., an albedo of 0.5 yields a radius of 1.9 \pm 0.3 R_Jup for a signal amplitude of 6.0\pm0.4 x 10^-5). We confirm that the method we perfected can be used to retrieve an exoplanet's reflected signal, even with current observing facilities. The advent of next generation of observing facilities will yield new opportunities for this type of technique to probe deeper into exoplanets.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figure

Alterações antrópicas em áreas de remanescentes de vegetação nativa nos municípios certificados pelo projeto "Municípios Verde Azul" no Estado de São Paulo.

According to the Native Vegetation Forest Inventory of 2010 for São Paulo State the remanescents of natural vegetation (RVN) represent 17.5% of the original native vegetation estimated as being 4,343,000 ha. The RNV are important refuges for animal wildlife and they also function as pockets to moderate temperature and humidity. For society they can be used as parks and also serve as an excellent natural laboratory for environmental education. In 2007, the State Government of São Paulo started a project named "Município Verde Azul? to promote environmental sustainability in municipalities of São Paulo State in which the RVN should be protected. This study aims to monitor areas of anthropogenic changes in RVN of 37 municipalities of São Paulo State that were certified in both years 2008 and 2009. The RVN were monitored using remote sensing images acquired from April to September of 2010. Results showed that RVN were altered in 13 municipalities corresponding to an area of 216 ha which corresponds to 0,39% of the total area of the RVN analyzed in the 37 municipalities

Analysing bifurcations encountered in numerical modelling of current transfer to cathodes of dc glow and arc discharges

Bifurcations and/or their consequences are frequently encountered in numerical modelling of current transfer to cathodes of gas discharges, also in apparently simple situations, and a failure to recognize and properly analyse a bifurcation may create difficulties in the modelling and hinder the understanding of numerical results and the underlying physics. This work is concerned with analysis of bifurcations that have been encountered in the modelling of steady-state current transfer to cathodes of glow and arc discharges. All basic types of steady-state bifurcations (fold, transcritical, pitchfork) have been identified and analysed. The analysis provides explanations to many results obtained in numerical modelling. In particular, it is shown that dramatic changes in patterns of current transfer to cathodes of both glow and arc discharges, described by numerical modelling, occur through perturbed transcritical bifurcations of first- and second-order contact. The analysis elucidates the reason why the mode of glow discharge associated with the falling section of the current–voltage characteristic in the solution of von Engel and Steenbeck seems not to appear in 2D numerical modelling and the subnormal and normal modes appear instead. A similar effect has been identified in numerical modelling of arc cathodes and explained.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comportamento de genótipos de girassol no município de Campo Verde, Mato Grosso, na safra de 2009.

O girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) é originário da América do Norte e tem como principal produto o óleo de excelente qualidade extraído de suas sementes, utilizado para consumo humano, para diversos fins industriais ou como matéria prima para produção de biocombustíveis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o comportamento de genótipos de girassol do ensaio final de segundo ano, da Rede de Ensaios de Avaliação de Genótipos de Girassol, na safra de 2009, visando indicação para cultivo em Mato Grosso. Foi conduzido experimento no município de Campo Verde-MT, seguindo delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, para verificar o desempenho de dezoito genótipos de girassol. As parcelas foram formadas por quatro linhas de 6,0 m, com espaçamento de 0,9 m x 0,30 m. Foram registradas as características de desenvolvimento das plantas e após a colheita, os capítulos foram debulhados manualmente e efetuadas as determinações de peso de mil aquênios, do total de aquênios, do teor de óleo nos aquênios e calculado o rendimento de óleo (rendimento de aquênios x teor de óleo). Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5%. O genótipo Neon apresentou melhor desempenho que os demais, tanto para peso de mil aquênios como para rendimento de aquênios, com médias de 80 g e de 4267 kg/ha, respectivamente. Quanto ao rendimento de óleo a média geral do experimento foi de 1230 kg/ha, com melhor desempenho apresentado pelos genótipos Neon, NTO 3.0, HLT 5004, Paraiso 20, Triton Max, Exp 1450 HO, SRM 822 e V20041, com valores entre 1680 kg/ha e 1313 kg/ha. Com base nos resultados obtidos, esses genótipos de girassol apresentam potencial para cultivo em Mato Grosso. THE BEHAVIOR OF SUNFLOWER GENOTYPES IN CAMPO VERDE, MATO GROSSO, 2009 HARVEST. The sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) is native from North America and the main product it provides is the high quality oil extracted from its seeds, used for human consumption, industrial purposes or as base for biofuel production. This project aims to verify the behavior of the sunflower genotypes from the second year?s final essay, belonging to Rede de Ensaios de Avaliação de Genótipos (Network of Genotype Evaluation Essays), 2009 harvest, with the purpose of obtaining indication for use in Mato Grosso. The experiment was conducted in the town of Campo Verde-MT, following the lineation in random blocks with four repetitions as a means to verify the performance of eighteen sunflower genotypes. The portions were formed by four lines of 6,0m each, with spacing of 0,9m x 0,30m. Aspects of development from the plants were analyzed and, after the harvest, sunflowers were manually threshed and a series of determinations of was established: the weight of a thousand achenes, the total of achenes, the percentage of oil from the achenes and the oil efficiency was calculated (achenes efficiency x oil percentage). Data was statistically analyzed and the standards were compared by the Duncan test at 5%. The Neon genotype presented the most satisfactory performance, in both 1,000 achenes weight and achenes efficiency standards, with measures of 80g and 4,267kg/ha, respectively. Regarding the oil efficiency, the overall average was 1230kg/ha, with best efficiency present by the Neon genotypes NTO 3,9, HLT 5004, Paraíso 20, Triton Max, Exp 1450 HO, SRM 822 and V20041, with values between 1680kg/ha and 1313kg/ha. Based on the results, it?s safe to say the abovementioned sunflower genotypes present high potential for cultivation in Mato Grosso

Características agronômicas de genótipos de girassol, na Safra de 2010, em Mato Grosso.

O cultivo de girassol (Helianthus annuus L.) vem se expandindo no Brasil, sobretudo na região central do país, como alternativa na época de ?safrinha?. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as características agronômicas e o potencial de cultivo de genótipos de girassol do ensaio final de segundo ano, da Rede de Ensaios de Avaliação de Genótipos de Girassol, na safra de 2010. Foi realizado experimento em Campo Verde, Mato Grosso, para avaliação de dezessete genótipos, seguindo delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, com parcelas formadas por quatro linhas de 6,0 m, com espaçamento de 0,9 m x 0,25 m. Foram registradas as medidas de altura de plantas e diâmetro de capítulos na época da floração. Os capítulos foram colhidos e debulhados manualmente, sendo realizadas as determinações de peso de mil aquênios, do total de aquênios, do teor de óleo nos aquênios e calculado o rendimento de óleo (rendimento de aquênios x teor de óleo). Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Duncan a 5%. A média de peso de mil aquênios foi de 67 g, com o genótipo BRS-Gira 24 destacando-se frente aos demais com 77 g. O genótipo HLA 887 apresentou o melhor comportamento quanto ao rendimento de aquênios (3619 kg/ha), teor de óleo (48,3%) e rendimento de óleo (1745 kg/ha). Os genótipos V 50070, V 70003 e BRS-Gira 27 também apresentaram bom desempenho para rendimento de aquênios. Por meio das avaliações realizadas é possível a indicação de genótipos de girassol para cultivo em Mato Grosso. AGRONOMIC TRAITS OF SUNFLOWER GENOTYPES DURING THE 2010 HARVEST IN MATO GROSSO. The cultivation of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) has expanded in Brazil, especially in the country?s central, as an alternative during the period of ?safrinha?. The project has the purpose of evaluating the agronomic traits and the cultivation potential of the sunflower genotypes from the second year?s final essay, belonging to Rede de Ensaios de Avaliação de Genótipos (Network of Genotype Evaluation Essays), 2010 harvest. The experiment was conducted in the town of Campo Verde-MT, for the evaluation of seventeen genotypes, following the lineation in random blocks with four repetitions and portions formed by four lines of 6,0m each, with spacing of 0,9m x 0,25m. Measures of height from the plants and the diameter of the sunflowers in period of bloom were registered. The sunflowers were harvested and manually threshed, then a series of determinations of was established: the weight of a thousand achenes, the total of achenes, the percentage of oil from the achenes and the oil efficiency was calculated (achenes efficiency x oil percentage). Data was submitted to variance analysis and the standards were compared by the Duncan test at 5%. The standard weight of a thousand achenes was 67g, and the BRS-Gira 24 genotype was the highlight with 77g. The HLA 887 genotype presented the best behavior as regarding the achenes efficiency (3619kg/ha), oil percentage (48,3%) and oil efficiency (1745kg/ha). The V 50070, V 70003 and BRS-Gira 27 genotypes also presented a satisfactory performance as to what concerns the achenes efficiency. Through the evaluations realized, it?s possible to indicate the sunflower genotypes for cultivation in Mato Grosso

The preference for and tolerance of exercise intensity: an exploratory analysis of intensity discrepancy in health clubs settings

Health clubs are considered one of the most relevant contexts of exercise. However, they suffer from high dropout rates and struggle to keep exercisers enrolled in the long run. Considering the exercise intensity-affect relation, the main objective of this exploratory study was to test the relation of the discrepancy between the intensity traits and current exercise training intensity, and possible differences in subjective vitality, habit, and weekly exercise frequency. A total of 485 participants (female = 274) aged between 18 and 63 years (M = 39.9) enrolled in several activities participated in this study. Descriptive, correlational, and group comparison analyses were developed for study hypothesis testing. Results tend to support that different levels of agreement between the intensity traits and current training intensity have differentiated outcomes. Particularly, having both intensity traits in agreement with current training intensity depicted the most relevant scores for vitality, habit, and exercise frequency. Both traits in disagreement presented the worst scores.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Light and Motion in SDSS Stripe 82: The Catalogues

We present a new public archive of light-motion curves in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) Stripe 82, covering 99 deg in right ascension from RA = 20.7 h to 3.3 h and spanning 2.52 deg in declination from Dec = -1.26 to 1.26 deg, for a total sky area of ~249 sq deg. Stripe 82 has been repeatedly monitored in the u, g, r, i and z bands over a seven-year baseline. Objects are cross-matched between runs, taking into account the effects of any proper motion. The resulting catalogue contains almost 4 million light-motion curves of stellar objects and galaxies. The photometry are recalibrated to correct for varying photometric zeropoints, achieving ~20 mmag and ~30 mmag root-mean-square (RMS) accuracy down to 18 mag in the g, r, i and z bands for point sources and extended sources, respectively. The astrometry are recalibrated to correct for inherent systematic errors in the SDSS astrometric solutions, achieving ~32 mas and ~35 mas RMS accuracy down to 18 mag for point sources and extended sources, respectively. For each light-motion curve, 229 photometric and astrometric quantities are derived and stored in a higher-level catalogue. On the photometric side, these include mean exponential and PSF magnitudes along with uncertainties, RMS scatter, chi^2 per degree of freedom, various magnitude distribution percentiles, object type (stellar or galaxy), and eclipse, Stetson and Vidrih variability indices. On the astrometric side, these quantities include mean positions, proper motions as well as their uncertainties and chi^2 per degree of freedom. The here presented light-motion curve catalogue is complete down to r~21.5 and is at present the deepest large-area photometric and astrometric variability catalogue available.Comment: MNRAS accepte