Leave the Gun. Take the Cannoli: A Perspective on Traumatic Injury in The Godfather

[EN] Introduction: The Godfather is one of the most popular American movies of all time. The aims of this study are to describe the morbidity and mortality portrayed in The Godfather with a thorough video review. Methods: In this descriptive study, The Godfather was viewed for incidents of traumatic mechanisms. On-screen traumatic mechanisms were documented by time in the movie. Characters that died during the film were evaluated for type of mechanism and cause of death. Comparisons by timing and gender were made with Chi-Square tests, using an α = 0.05. Results: There were 24 incidents of on-screen traumatic mechanisms for 21 unique characters. A total of 22/24(92%) of the mechanisms involved male characters whereas 2/24(8%) of the mechanisms involved female characters (p<0.001). There were 7/24(29%) incidents of a traumatic mechanism in the first half of the film with 17/24(71%) incidents of a traumatic mechanism in the second half of the film (p=0.03). A Chi-square test showed a higher proportion of deaths in the second half of the film (p=0.01). A total of 17/18(94%) of the mortalities involved male characters whereas 1/18(6%) of the mortalities involved a female character (p<0.001). Penetrating injury was the cause of 67% of the deaths. Blunt injury was the cause of 17% of the deaths. Conclusions: There are gender differences in the characters that suffer a traumatic mechanism and death in The Godfather. A majority of injuries are penetrating in mechanism, and are more deadly in the second half of the film. [ES] Introduction: El Padrino es una de las películas americanas más populares de todos los tiempos. Este trabajo pretende describir la morbilidad y mortalidad retratada en ella mediante su análisis. Methods: en este estudio descriptivo se proyectó El Padrino en busca de incidentes relacionados con mecanismos de lesión traumática. Los mecanismos que aparecen en escena fueron documentados en función del punto de la película en el que se produjeron. Los personajes que murieron durante el transcurso de la acción fueron evaluados en busca del mecanismo y causa del fallecimiento. Las comparaciones entre el momento de la acción y el género se llevaron a cabo mediante pruebas χ², utilizando la fórmula α = 0,05. Results: en pantalla se aprecian un total de 24 incidentes con mecanismos traumáticos relacionados con 21 personajes diferentes. Un total de 22/24 (92%) de estos mecanismos, se producen en personajes masculinos, mientras que en solamente 2/24 (8%) de ellos estaban involucrados personajes femeninos (p<0,001). Durante la primera mitad de la película se dan 7/24 (29%) de los incidentes relacionados con lesiones traumáticas, dándose el resto, 17/24 (71%), en la segunda mitad (p=0,03). Mediante una prueba χ² se comprueba que se produce una tasa más alta de muertes en la segunda mitad de la película (p=0,01). Un total de 17/18 (94%) de las muertes las sufren personajes masculinos, mientras que en solamente 1/18 (6%) se trata de un personaje femenino (p<0,001). El 67% de las muertes se producen por lesiones penetrantes, mientras que el 17% se producen por un traumatismo cerrado. Conclusions: en El Padrino se dan diferencias en cuanto al género de los personajes que sufren muertes relacionadas con lesiones traumáticas. La mayoría son debidas a lesiones de penetración, produciendo estos mecanismos mayor cantidad de efectos letales durante la segunda mitad de la película

Methods to Identify Plant Metabolites

This invention provides materials and methods to manipulate the plant genome at the level of single plant cells in culture resulting in the ability to assign metabolic functionality to plant genes involved in the production of biologically active molecules and to create a means of product discovery based on the biosynthetic capacity of plants. The materials to create an activation mutagenesis include incorporation of enhancer sequences from a plant viral promoter at random places in the plant genome via Agrobacterium mediated DNA transfer (T-DNA). The usefulness is that genes in the immediate vicinity of the incorporation were activated which allows for immediate screening of the mutagenized plant cells. Additionally, the usefulness includes relevant areas of the genome were flanked by the inserted T-DNA which allows recovery of this area by standard molecular biology techniques. The method includes a procedure for screening large numbers of mutagenized plant cell cultures for activation of a relevant gene on the basis of the desired protein product on the basis of radioligand binding displacement assay

Methods to Identify Plant Metabolites

This invention provides materials and methods to manipulate the plant genome at the level of single plant cells in culture resulting in the ability to assign metabolic functionality to plant genes involved in the production of biologically active molecules and to create a means of product discovery based on the biosynthetic capacity of plants. The materials to create an activation mutagenesis include incorporation of enhancer sequences from a plant viral promoter at random places in the plant genome via Agrobacterium mediated DNA transfer (T-DNA). The usefulness is that genes in the immediate vicinity of the incorporation were activated which allows for immediate screening of the mutagenized plant cells. Additionally, the usefulness includes relevant areas of the genome were flanked by the inserted T-DNA which allows recovery of this area by standard molecular biology techniques. The method includes a procedure for screening large numbers of mutagenized plant cell cultures for activation of a relevant gene on the basis of the desired protein product on the basis of radioligand binding displacement assay

Methods for Screening for Genes and Small Molecules that Activate Mammalian Receptor Proteins

Methods for screening mutations that affect the synthesis of plant small molecules or compounds capable of activating a mammalian nuclear receptor protein and systems for rapidly assigning functionality to genes that regulate plant secondary metabolism are provided

Just when I Thought I was Out, They Pull Me Back In: A Perspective on Traumatic Injury in «The Godfather Part III»

The Godfather Part III portrays the fictional Corleone family as the third and final installment of The Godfather trilogy. The aim is to evaluated traumatic injury and death in the film. Hypothesis: The hypotheses are that: a) male characters suffer more traumatic mechanisms than females, b) more traumatic mechanisms occur in the second half of the film, and c) a higher percentage of traumatic mechanisms are penetrating. Methods: In this descriptive study, The Godfather Part III was critically viewed for incidents of significant traumatic mechanisms. Traumatic mechanisms were documented by running time. Characters that died during the film were evaluated for type of mechanism and cause of death. Categorical statistical comparisons were performed, using an ? = 0.05. Results: There were 43 significant traumatic mechanisms and 33 character deaths. A total of 95% of the mechanisms involved male characters whereas 5% involved female characters (p &lt; 0.001). A total of 97% of the mortalities involved male characters whereas 3% involved a female character (p &lt; 0.001). The traumatic mechanisms and deaths were similar between halves of the film (both p &gt; 0.05). Named characters were more likely to die, and traumatic injury led to increased mortality in the second half of the film (both p &lt; 0.05). Traumatic injury from a penetrating mechanism was the most common cause of death overall (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Male characters suffer more traumatic mechanisms and death than females in The Godfather Part III. A majority of deaths are from penetrating traumatic injuries.</p

Keep Your Friends Close, But Your Enemies Closer: A Perspective on Traumatic Injury in «The Godfather Part II»

Background: The Godfather Part II portrays the fictional Corleone family and its role in organized crime. The aims of this study are to describe the trauma and deaths portrayed in The Godfather Part II.Hypothesis: The hypotheses are that: a) male characters suffer more traumatic mechanism/death than females, b) more traumatic mechanisms occur in the second half of the film, and c) a higher percentage of traumatic mecha? nisms are penetrating.Methods: In this descriptive study, The Godfather Part II was viewed for incidents of significant traumatic mecha? nisms. Traumatic mechanisms were documented by time. Characters that died during the film were evaluated for type of mechanism and cause of death. Categorical comparisons were made with chi?square tests, using an ? = 0.05. Results: There were 27 traumatic mechanisms and 19 deaths. A total of 93% of the mechanisms involved male char? acters whereas 7% of the mechanisms involved female characters (p &lt; 0.001). A total of 84% of the mortalities involved male characters whereas 16% of the mortalities involved a female character (p &lt; 0.01). The traumatic mech? anisms and deaths were similar between halves of the film (both p &gt; 0.05). Traumatic injury was the cause of death (p &lt; 0.001). Penetrating injury was the most common cause of death overall.Conclusions: There are gender differences in the characters that suffer a traumatic mechanism and death in The Godfather Part II. A majority of deaths are from penetrating traumatic injuries.</p

Leave the Gun. Take the Cannoli: A Perspective on Traumatic Injury in The Godfather

Introduction: The Godfather is one of the most popular American movies of all time. The aims of this study are to describe the morbidity and mortality portrayed in The Godfather with a thorough video review.Methods: In this descriptive study, The Godfather was viewed for incidents of traumatic mechanisms. On-screen traumatic mechanisms were documented by time in the movie. Characters that died during the film were evaluated for type of mechanism and cause of death. Comparisons by timing and gender were made with Chi-Square tests, using an ? = 0.05.Results: There were 24 incidents of on-screen traumatic mechanisms for 21 unique characters. A total of 22/24(92%) of the mechanisms involved male characters whereas 2/24(8%) of the mechanisms involved female characters (p&lt;0.001). There were 7/24(29%) incidents of a traumatic mechanism in the first half of the film with 17/24(71%) incidents of a traumatic mechanism in the second half of the film (p=0.03). A Chi-square test showed a higher proportion of deaths in the second half of the film (p=0.01). A total of 17/18(94%) of the mortalities involved male characters whereas 1/18(6%) of the mortalities involved a female character (p&lt;0.001). Penetrating injury was the cause of 67% of the deaths. Blunt injury was the cause of 17% of the deaths.Conclusions: There are gender differences in the characters that suffer a traumatic mechanism and death in The Godfather. A majority of injuries are penetrating in mechanism, and are more deadly in the second half of the film.</p

First direct measurements of behavioural responses by Cuvier's beaked whales to mid-frequency active sonar

Most marine mammal­ strandings coincident with naval sonar exercises have involved Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris). We recorded animal movement and acoustic data on two tagged Ziphius and obtained the first direct measurements of behavioural responses of this species to mid-frequency active (MFA) sonar signals. Each recording included a 30-min playback (one 1.6-s simulated MFA sonar signal repeated every 25 s); one whale was also incidentally exposed to MFA sonar from distant naval exercises. Whales responded strongly to playbacks at low received levels (RLs; 89–127 dB re 1 µPa): after ceasing normal fluking and echolocation, they swam rapidly, silently away, extending both dive duration and subsequent non-foraging interval. Distant sonar exercises (78–106 dB re 1 µPa) did not elicit such responses, suggesting that context may moderate reactions. The observed responses to playback occurred at RLs well below current regulatory thresholds; equivalent responses to operational sonars could elevate stranding risk and reduce foraging efficiency.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

The Swift X-ray flaring afterglow of GRB 050607

The unique capability of the Swift satellite to perform a prompt and autonomous slew to a newly detected Gamma-Ray Burst (GRB) has yielded the discovery of interesting new properties of GRB X-ray afterglows, such as the steep early lightcurve decay and the frequent presence of flares detected up to a few hours after the GRB trigger. We present observations of GRB 050607, the fourth case of a GRB discovered by Swift with flares superimposed on the overall fading X-ray afterglow. The flares of GRB 050607 were not symmetric as in previously reported cases, showing a very steep rise and a shallower decay, similar to the Fast Rise, Exponential Decay that are frequently observed in the gamma-ray prompt emission. The brighter flare had a flux increase by a factor of approximately 25,peaking for 30 seconds at a count rate of approximately 30 counts s-1, and it presented hints of addition short time scale activity during the decay phase. There is evidence of spectral evolution during the flares. In particular, at the onset of the flares the observed emission was harder, with a gradual softening as each flare decayed. The very short time scale and the spectral variability during the flaring activity are indicators of possible extended periods of energy emission by the GRB central engine. The flares were followed by a phase of shallow decay, during which the forward shock was being refreshed by a long-lived central engine or by shells of lower Lorentz factors, and by a steepening after approximately 12 ks to a decay slope considered typical of X-ray afterglows.Comment: 23 pages, 5 figures, Accepted by the Astrophysical Journa

Detection of 6 November 1997 ground level event by Milagrito

Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) with energies exceeding 10 GeV associated with the 6 November 1997 solar flare/CME (coronal mass ejection) have been detected with Milagrito, a prototype of the Milagro Gamma Ray Observatory. While SEP acceleration beyond 1 GeV is well established, few data exist for protons or ions beyond 10 GeV. The Milagro observatory, a ground based water Cherenkov detector designed for observing very high energy gamma ray sources, can also be used to study the Sun. Milagrito, which operated for approximately one year in 1997/98, was sensitive to solar proton and neutron fluxes above ∼4 GeV. In its scaler mode, Milagrito registered a rate increase coincident with the 6 November 1997 ground level event observed by Climax and other neutron monitors. A preliminary analysis suggests the presence of \u3e10 GeV particles