ASSESSING THE INCLINATION OF UNDERGRADUATE’S JHANG STUDENT TO THE PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES AND SPORTS

Objectives: Assessing the Inclination of undergraduate’s Jhang student to thePhysical Activities and sports. In instructive organizations requirement toinspire the scholars to join in physical events and sports. Physical education,health and sports science is an important part of schooling. Persons are fullystrain, depressive and nervousness during lifecycle. So, people need to regulartake part in physical events and sports. Method: A simple questionnairesurvey method had applied and used a random sampling technique to collectthe study information of 200 subjects from selected four institutesundergraduate’s Jhang student. The variables of the study were physicalactivities as esthetic practices, societal skills and healthiness & wellbeing hasrich perception in the inclination of undergraduate’s student study. Results:The results of consistency were found for healthiness & wellbeing 0.828,social knowledge 0.817 and an Esthetic experience 0.712. The total overall200 subject Cronbach’s alpha significance was 0.831 of both genders.Conclusion: The overall inclination to the selected variables was important.Undergraduate’s student was cognizant of the profits of physical activities andsports, healthiness and wellbeing for their esthetic practice to remainwellbeing in life

Assessment of Change Orders Attributes in Preconstruction and Construction Phase

Construction projects are very complex in nature. Each activity involves multiple varying tasks. Construction industry is the main source of economic growth. When change order occur performance of projects momentously affected.  Change orders often have a serious impact on the quality, time and cost. Eventually it results in disputes, delays, and dissatisfactions among stakeholders and ultimately results in failures of projects. In past several studies have been done to evaluate the causes of change order and its effects. Attempts have been made to quantify these impacts by many researchers, but the aim of this study is to identify the causes of change order in two different phases i.e. preconstruction and construction stage. Views were taken from relevant experts over included factors after in-depth literature review from past researches. A questionnaire was made and floated with different construction players from clients, consultants and contractors side. The data was analyzed by SPSS using average index technique. The analysis of data showed that, Mistakes in specifications, Mistakes in design and Lack of experience in selecting construction team by client are the most critical factors during preconstruction phase. Whereas, Design modification by owner, change in scope at later stage and Delays in payment by client are most critical factors of construction phase, responsible for change order. The extensive discussion of these factors revealed various parameters related to Pakistan construction. This study will enable the clients, consultants and contractors to be aware of factors which causes changes in orders and their consequences on project completion. By the identification of possible reasons, the right decisions can be made to mark the project successful

Assessment of Young Drivers' Driving Behaviour and Driving Speed Along Horizontal and Vertical Alignments

Young drivers are more likely to experience car crashes as they tend to have risky driving behaviours. This study aims to assess young drivers' driving behaviour and driving speed along the horizontal and vertical alignments of roads. The 20 young drivers who participated in this study were asked to complete a self-reported assessment (Driver Behaviour Questionnaire) and then invited for an on-road driving assessment during daytime and night-time, along horizontal and vertical road alignments at a selected route in Skudai, Johor. The results from the Driver Behaviour Questionnaire revealed that distractions during driving was the most frequently reported behaviour that caused car crashes amongst young drivers, followed by error and violation. Speed profile was found to be higher during daytime when compared to night-time. A significant difference in speed between male and female drivers was noted at horizontal curves during daytime and vertical curves during night-time. The study concluded that such aberrant driving behaviours would have an impact on the driving performance, particularly on horizontal and vertical curves

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Speed Behavior of Heterogeneous Traffic on Two-Lane Rural Roads in Malaysia

Highway geometry is a significant factor that affects the efficiency and safety of highway systems. The present study aims to investigate the speed behavior of various vehicle classes on the horizontal alignment of two-lane rural roads. An automatic data collection system based on a pressure sensor was employed to collect the speed of each individual vehicle, vehicle type, and headway at seven sites in each travel direction. The 85th percentile speed under free-flow conditions was used to observe the relationship between the operating speeds of various vehicle classes at consecutive curve points and the effect of the travel direction, time of day, and curve radius on the operating speed of the vehicle. A one-way ANOVA was employed to evaluate whether there is a significant difference in speed on horizontal curves. Then, a Tukey post hoc test was used to assess the significance of the difference in speed across four classes of vehicles. The results revealed that the horizontal curve affects the operating speed for all vehicle classes. A curve radius of less than 500 m, the travel direction, and the time of day are significant variables that affect the speed of all vehicle classes. The findings from this study can provide insight to transportation engineers for safer road design of horizontal curves and to assess traffic safety based on actual speed behavior

Modeling and verification of authentication threats mitigation in aspect-oriented mal sequence woven model.

The modeling of security threats is equally important as the modeling of functional requirements at the design stage of software engineering. However, unlike functional requirements modeling, the modeling of security threats is neglected, which consequently introduces software defects during the early stages of software engineering. Hence, there is a need to mitigate these threats at the design stage. Security threats, specifically authentication threats, crosscut other functional and non-functional requirements when modeled using the object-oriented paradigm. This not only makes the design complex but also results in tangling and scattering problems. We therefore model authentication threats using the aspect-oriented modeling (AOM) technique since it separates crosscutting concerns and localizes them as separate units called aspects. Our main research aim is to remove scattering and tangling in security threats modeling using all the core features of the aspect-oriented technique. In this paper, we propose a research approach to model security threats and their mitigation in mal sequence diagram. Using this approach, our contribution makes a clear difference from previous work. Our first contribution is the modeling of authentication threats in the mal sequence diagram using the security profile and AOM profile. Our second contribution is the mathematical verification of the aspect-oriented mal sequence woven model in terms of correctness and completeness. Using the proposed approach, the scattering and tangling from the resultant woven model are successfully removed at the design stage. Thus, the complexity of models and the time and effort required for future modifications of design models are reduced

Speed Behavior of Heterogeneous Traffic on Two-Lane Rural Roads in Malaysia

Highway geometry is a significant factor that affects the efficiency and safety of highway systems. The present study aims to investigate the speed behavior of various vehicle classes on the horizontal alignment of two-lane rural roads. An automatic data collection system based on a pressure sensor was employed to collect the speed of each individual vehicle, vehicle type, and headway at seven sites in each travel direction. The 85th percentile speed under free-flow conditions was used to observe the relationship between the operating speeds of various vehicle classes at consecutive curve points and the effect of the travel direction, time of day, and curve radius on the operating speed of the vehicle. A one-way ANOVA was employed to evaluate whether there is a significant difference in speed on horizontal curves. Then, a Tukey post hoc test was used to assess the significance of the difference in speed across four classes of vehicles. The results revealed that the horizontal curve affects the operating speed for all vehicle classes. A curve radius of less than 500 m, the travel direction, and the time of day are significant variables that affect the speed of all vehicle classes. The findings from this study can provide insight to transportation engineers for safer road design of horizontal curves and to assess traffic safety based on actual speed behavior

Heterocyclic Crown Ethers with Potential Biological and Pharmacological Properties: From Synthesis to Applications

Cyclic organic compounds with several ether linkages in their structure are of much concern in our daily life applications. Crown ethers (CEs) are generally heterocyclic and extremely versatile compounds exhibiting higher binding affinity. In recent years, due to their unique structure, crown ethers are widely used in drug delivery, solvent extraction, cosmetics manufacturing, material studies, catalysis, separation, and organic synthesis. Beyond their conventional place in chemistry, this review article summarizes the synthesis, biological, and potential pharmacological activities of CEs. We have emphasized the prospects of CEs as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal agents and have explored their amyloid genesis inhibitory activity, electrochemical, and potential metric sensing properties. The central feature of these compounds is their ability to form selective and stable complexes with various organic and inorganic cations. Therefore, CEs can be used in gas chromatography as the stationary phase and are also valuable for cation chromatographic to determine and separate alkali and alkaline-earth cations

Biferrocenyl Schiff bases as efficient corrosion inhibitors for an aluminium alloy in HCl solution : a combined experimental and theoretical study

The corrosion inhibitive capabilities of some ferrocene-based Schiff bases on aluminium alloy AA2219-T6 in acidic medium were investigated using Tafel polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), weight loss measurement, FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) techniques. The influence of molecular configuration on the corrosion inhibition behavior has been explored by quantum chemical calculation. Ferrocenyl Schiff bases 4,4′-((((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(4,1-phenylene))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(azaneylylidene))bisferrocene (Fcua), 4,4′-((((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2-methoxy-1,4-phenylene))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(azaneylylidene))bisferrocene (Fcub) and 4,4′-((((ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(2-ethoxy-1,4-phenylene))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(azaneylylidene))bisferrocene (Fcuc) have been synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies. These compounds showed a substantial corrosion inhibition against aluminium alloy in 0.1 M of HCl at 298 K. Fcub and Fcuc showed better anticorrosion efficiency as compared with Fcua due to the electron donating methoxy and ethoxy group substitutions, respectively. Polarization curves also indicated that the studied biferrocenyl Schiff bases were mixed type anticorrosive materials. The inhibition of the aluminium alloy surface by biferrocenyl Schiff bases was evidenced through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. Semi-empirical quantum mechanical studies revealed a correlation between corrosion inhibition efficiency and structural functionalities.Validerad;2020;Nivå 2;2020-02-24 (johcin)</p