The development of solar irriadiation levelling system using colour contour approach

This project presents the development of solar irradiance levelling spectrum using colour contour approach. The system developed by using the General User Interface (GUI) Matlab. The advantage of the system is irradiation data being easily analysed by the user. Furthermore, the system reduces the time taken to calculate the energy of each level and the total energy of solar irradiation. The irradiance levelling is using three specific colour ranges according to three level of the system. The result from the GUI Matlab shows the data being levels into maximum, medium and minimum level. The specific colours uses are red, yellow and green. Microsoft Excel was used to prove the calculation of energy and total energy and the comparison of the graph in GUI

A Study of The Effect of Weathering on The Expansion of Intumescent Fire Retardant Coating

Fire protection systems are widely used in many industry facilities against the effects of fire. However, in some case it is found that the performance of fire protection systems has deteriorated because of weathering. The objective of this project is to study the effect of weathering on the expansion performance of intumescent fire retardant coating. The first part of this project evaluates the performance of intumescent coating after exposed to weather by using weathering chamber. It shows that the weather reduces its expansion performance. The second part of the project attempts to observe the effect of zirconium usage as filler in the intumescent coating

The effect of adsorbent mass on the removal of heavy metal ion using domestic waste

This paper presents "The Effect of Solution piI and Adsorbent Mass on the Removal of Heavy Metal Ion Using Domestic Waste" which aims to study the capability of cockle shell and burned palm as alternatives adsorbents to expensive activated carbon in removing cadmium and nickel at different solution pH and adsorbent mass

Biodiesel Production From Palm Oil Mill Effluent (Sludge)

Biodiesel which is also defined as alkyl-esters is produced from vegetable or animal oil through transesterification process. In this process, triglycerides contained inside the vegetable oil will react with alcohol to form alkyl-esters. Currently, the biodiesel plants in especially in Malaysia produce biodiesel from refined bleached de-odorized palm oil (RBDPO). As a result, the economical profits that can be obtained is greatly reduced as the cost of production is spread across four aspects, extraction of palm oil from palm fruits to become crude palm oil (CPO), refining it to become RBDPO, treating it with alcohols to become FAME, and further refining it to become biodiesel. This research is conducted to observe the possibility of palm oil effluent sludge (POME) into biodiesel. Palm oil refinery in Malaysia produces ton ofeffluent per day which can be converted to useful energy. The research begins by extensive literature review about biodiesel and also about the extraction of long chain fatty acid (LCFA) in effluent sludge. There are two types ofsludge used which is sludge oil from sludge bin and sludge water from pond that was undergo aerobic digestion. One ofthe ways to extract oil is by using adsorbent such as zeolites and activated carbon. In normal atmosphere condition, sample is stirred at 200 rpm for 10 minutes and then extracted using petroleum ether. Another method is by using sample ofsludge oil which being heated at 100 °C. Then, continued by filtration process to sieve the solid that diluted in the oil. Biodiesel process is conducted at 60 °C by using methanol and acid sulphuric as catalyst. Then, Free Fatty Acid (FFA) analysis and thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) to observe biodiesel produced

Proposed upgrading Ilham Bestari Academy at No. 31,33,35,37, Persiaran Seri Raia, Taman Seri Raia, 37300 Ipoh, Perak Darul Ridzuan for Tulus Motivasi Sdn. Bhd. / Faezah Shafiee

All final student of Diploma in Interior Architecture should be able to complete every stage of their final design. This purposed is to analysis student knowlegde about interior design from basic to full presentation in board. Proposed upgarading of Ilham Bestari Academy at Persiaran Seri Raia, Taman Seri Raia, Simpang Pulai, Perak Darul Ridzuan has been chosen for this final project. The choose of this project because the client want to change the current space design and enviroment in the academy. This because the client want the academy to get new enviroment for the student so that the student will more comfortable to study. Furthermore, it can also introduce this academy to the market so it become well known to people and can attract student to enroll in this company. Concept and images for this academy is reflect to the client’s needed. There are few method in gathering some information. The method that can be used in gathering information for this project is throughout interview, observation, internet and case study. The choosen project is about upgrading Ilham Bestari Academy that focus on upgrading the certain space in this academy. This academy have been provided two main course such sewing course for female student and also automotive course for male student and other sub short course. The space that focus to upgrade in this academy at office area and sewing classes area. The client of this project which is the Ilham Bestari Academy want to change the current enviroment to the new design to make the all area are well arrange and become more interesting

Scattering regimes for underwater optical wireless communications using Monte Carlo simulation

Optical wireless communications has shown tremendous potential for underwater applications as it can provide higher bandwidth and better security compared to acoustic technologies. In this paper,  an investigation on scattering regimes for underwater links using Monte Carlo simulation has been presented.While the focus of this paper is on diffuse links, the simulation results of collimated links is also provided for comparison purpose. Three types of water namely clear, coastal and turbid water are being used in the simulation. It is shown that the effect of scattering on the path loss cannot be accurately modeled by the existing channel model; ie. Beers-Lambert (BL) law.  It has been shown that  the distance at which the unscattered light drops to zero can be used to estimate the transition point for the scattering regimes in case of diffuse links. The transition point for diffuse links in coastal water and turbid water can be estimated to be around 22 m and 4 m respectively. Further analysis on the scattering order probability at different scattering regimes illustrates how scattering is affected by beam size, water turbidity and distance. From the frequency response plot, it is estimated that the bandwidth of several order of GHz can be achieved when the links are operating in the minimal scattering region and will reduce to several hundreds of MHz when the link is operating in multiple scattering region

Adaptive Modulation and Coding Using Signal to Noise Ratio Switching Threshold

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is one of the key enabling technologies for fourth generation (4G) wireless system. It offers high data rate transmission with high spectral efficiency, immunity to multipath fading and simple implementation using fast Fourier transform (FFT). However inefficient utilization of the channel will result when OFDM system is designed for worst-case channel conditions. Thus adaptive transmission scheme that can be adjusted to channel conditions is one of the techniques to improve the performance of OFDM systems. In this thesis, three types of subband adaptive transmission scheme namely adaptive modulation (AM), adaptive coding (AC) and adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) based on SNR switching threshold are investigated. The performances of these systems are evaluated using an efficient adaptation algorithm. The efficient adaptation algorithm is based on the average value of the SNR of the subcarriers in the subband. First the performance of adaptive modulation using quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase shift keying (PSK) system are evaluated. The results obtained showed that a significant improvements in terms of bit error rate (BER), spectral efficiency and throughput can be achieved. To further enhance the system, convolutional coding is employed. However convolutional coding causes the maximum throughput to be limited. To solve this problem adaptive coding schemes which provides another area of flexibility is investigated. Finally the combination of adaptive modulation and adaptive coding is examined. Simulations results have shown that the performance of adaptive transmission schemes are superior compared to fixed (nonadaptive) transmission schemes. A high throughput performance can be achieved without sacrificing the BER. The performance comparisons of the proposed system with the conservative system showed that the proposed scheme is able to meet the BER target of 10-3 with a slightly better throughput performance around 0.3 Bps/Hz