Female Representation In Trade Unions: The Case Of The Cambodian Garment Industry

The textile and garment industry is one of Cambodia’s economic ‘growth pillars’ and it plays a key role in the country’s economic development. Foreign enterprises contract Cambodian factories to manufacture goods, which will then be sold worldwide. International buyers include H&M, GAP, Marks & Spencer, Levi’s, Adidas and Inditex. The demands required to suppliers are challenging and there is a widespread subcontracting practice. This weakens the enforcement of labour standards, as adequate monitoring is unlikely. Hence, the risk of human rights abuses increases as the supply chain gets more complex. This risk can disproportionately affect women, who constitute the majority of garment workers in Cambodia. The enforcement of labour rights should be a priority in improving women’s status in the country, which will contribute to social and economic development. Trade Unions, through representation, collective bargaining and other forms of action can greatly contribute to this. However, women are underrepresented in trade union decision making, which affects their ability to demand their rights. Workers can only be effectively represented if all groups and their interests are adequately taken into account in the decision making process. Accordingly, women’s representation in trade union membership and leadership is necessary. In Cambodia the labour movement is composed by women but led by men. This thesis examines the extent to which an increase in trade union leadership can contribute to the promotion of gender equality and the improvement of working conditions. This is done with a focus on the Cambodian garment industry. Four questions are answered: (1) Why are gender equality and gender-balanced labour representation important; (2) What is the role of trade unions in this context; (3) Why should there be an increase in female trade union leadership and; (4) To what extent can an increase in such leadership contribute to the enhancement of working conditions and the achievement of gender equality

Global Framework Agreements : A Response to Urgent Global Labour Concerns

This dissertation is developed against the background of globalisation and the rise of a new type of instrument used to deal with the accompanying developments. These instruments are designated by the present dissertation as global framework agreements (GFAs). They constitute a written compromise, signed between global union federations and multinational enterprises, setting rights-based minimum standards throughout a company’s global operations, including its suppliers and subcontractors. The development of these agreements, both in terms of number and content, has originated a new generation of global framework agreements whose placement within the concept of collective agreement can indeed be discussed. These are designated as global collective agreements (GCAs). Global collective agreements have emerged in a similar context to the development of collective agreement at the national level. They have developed in a regulative vacuum, now being filled with instruments akin to collective agreements. Hence, the identification of a set of core features that compose the collective agreement as a concept are identified and analysed in relation to global framework agreements. Some elements are more contentious than others and require special attention, namely the binding character and the agreement’s enforcement as an expression of this bindingness. Likewise, the relationship between these agreements and other sets of rules at both the international and domestic level add further problematics that need to be highlight. The analysis and comprehensive understanding of these agreements is further complemented through a content analysis, based on an examination of the agreement’s parties, content, scope, implementation, and enforcement mechanisms. The empirical work carried out in the form of interviews provides added insights into the functioning, usage, and actual impact of two selected agreements. The findings show that, while the agreements are indeed used, they have resulted in different outcomes in terms of enforcement. Moreover, the usage of these agreements beyond the formally instituted mechanisms is unveiled through the interviews. Tensions, distrust, and dissemination issues are further identified. The agreements selected as the focus of the empirical work are identified as global collective agreements and their impact and implementation are evaluated through interviews conducted with various stakeholders

Indicadores chave da Biblioteca escolar

TCC (graduação em Biblioteconomia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, FlorianópolisApresenta uma breve revisão de literatura sobre as funções e objetivos da biblioteca escolar e sobre os regulamentos e legislações referentes a bibliotecas escolares. Com base na literatura apresentada, usou-se como metodologia o estudo de caso e a entrevista semi-estruturada na coleta de dados. As entrevistas foram realizadas com os responsáveis da Biblioteca A e outro da Biblioteca B. Buscou-se avaliar com base no documento das Diretrizes da IFLA / UNESCO para a biblioteca escolar, indicadores que determinam os vários itens que qualificam um bom funcionamento de uma biblioteca escolar. Conclui-se que as diferenças entres as duas bibliotecas são relevantes, fica explícito que uma biblioteca com mais recursos e gerida por um bibliotecário possui, mais indicadores positivos na sua avaliação

Hambre y pobreza de los niños de los sectores más desprotegidos

Fil: Quattrone, Fabiana. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Pediatría; ArgentinaFil: Pereira, Gustavo. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Departamento de Pediatría; ArgentinaEn base a datos estadísticos es posible afirmar que actualmente en el país nacen unos\n950 bebés pobres por día. Es muy probable que, de ellos, un 10% tenga bajo peso, el\nprimer signo de desnutrición. Los especialistas aseguran que estos chicos crecerán mal y\nmenos, y serán muy probablemente futuros desnutridos crónicos, anémicos, niños que se\nenferman a repetición y quienes en edad escolar tendrán más dificultades para aprender.\nLa desnutrición infantil provoca heridas visibles en el crecimiento e invisibles en el\ndesarrollo madurativo de las personas, con reducidas oportunidades para recuperarse.\nLas secuelas de la desnutrición hipotecan a nuestra sociedad y disminuyen el capital\nhumano

Seminal Ferritin And Seminal Parameters In Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis

Background: to verify the association of seminal parameter (SP) and seminal ferritin(SF) levels in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis (CH), admitting possible antioxidative activity of SF. Methods: this was a case-control study in group of 60 men (case) in CH with more than 6 months and group of healthy men(control), aged 18-60 years, without clinical or laboratory signs of infection / inflammation. Patients underwent semen analysis, fertility index(FI) calculation, measurement of SF and hormonal profile(follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, total testosterone, and prolactin levels). Results: There were significant differences between cases and control (Table 1) in SP(p = 0.000), sex hormones (p = 0.000) and FI [0, 85(0,57) vs 5,54(1,3), p=0,000]. There was no difference between cases and control(Table 1) in SF levels (226.45 ± 51.03 vs 241.52 ± 30.52, p = 0.137) and age(49,47 ±5,56 vs 47,90 ± 6,22, p=0,229).There was no correlation (Table 2) between  SF and FI(r = 0.049, p = 0.711) and SP(p> 0.05). Conclusion: the results suggest that SF is not associated with changes in seminal parameters in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis, and is not useful singly for initial evaluation of seminal parameters. &nbsp

Partnership between Organizations and Community TVs as Communication Strategies

Dar espaço e atenção às manifestações da sociedade, preferencialmente interagindo na construção do ambiente onde se encontra inserida a organização, na busca do desenvolvimento coletivo, passou a ser premissa para a boa relação organização e público. Nesse sentido, os canais de comunicação comunitária, como espaços locais de debate, ganham visibilidade e atraem interesse das organizações como estratégias de comunicação. Para ilustrar o estudo, apresentamos a TV Comunitária – TV Santa Maria e a participação das organizações públicas e privadas em sua programação

Anthropic transformation in the Gurupi river basin, eastern Amazon

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the degree of anthropic transformation of a river basin in the Amazon region. We used the digital data of the TerraClass Project to calculate the Anthropic Transformation Index - ATI. In order to verify spatial and temporal changes along a decade in the Gurupi river basin, we used the database of the years 2004 and 2014. The results showed an increase of anthropic changes in the basin over a decade, as a result of forest cover conversion into agricultural and pastures areas. Although the Gurupi river basin remains at a regular level of degradation after a decade, the intensification of land use and land cover change is a threat to the few rainforest remnants of the river basin, which can lead the region to the next level of degradation, if effective forest protection, conservation and restoration actions are not implemented in the region.  Este artigo tem como principal objetivo avaliar o grau de transformação antrópica de uma bacia hidrográfica amazônica. Para isso, foram utilizados dados do projeto TerraClass e aplicado o Índice de Transformação Antrópica - ITA para os anos de 2004 e 2014, a fim de verificar as mudanças espaciais ao longo de uma década. Os resultados mostraram que houve uma intensificação no nível de antropização da bacia do rio Gurupi ao longo dos dez anos avaliados, resultado da conversão de áreas de florestas para a expansão de atividades agropecuárias. Embora esta bacia possua um nível de degradação considerado regular, as intensas mudanças no uso e cobertura do solo da bacia constitui-se em uma ameaça direta aos poucos remanescentes de floresta madura ainda existentes, o que elevaria a região a um próximo patamar de degradação, se não houver ações de proteção, conservação e restauração florestal

Responsabilidade social corporativa : empresas e comunidade se beneficiam

Orientador: Vicente PachecoMonografia(Especializaçao) - Universidade Federal do Paraná,Setor de Ciencias Sociais Aplicadas, Curso de Especializaçao em Gestao de NegociosResumo: Este estudo trata sobre o tema responsabilidade social corporativa de forma exclusivamente teórica, buscando formar uma linha de raciocínio que explique o seu fenômeno. Entre outras, este trabalho busca responder as seguintes questões: O que e a responsabilidade social corporativa hoje? Porque a responsabilidade social cresce tanto atualmente? Qual e o beneficia que a responsabilidade social proporciona as empresas? Baseando-se na literatura especifica sobre o tema, apresenta a responsabilidade social corporativa de forma direta, mostrando a evolução do seu conceito, as causas do seu movimento e através de que meios se materializa a responsabilidade social da empresa, além de demonstrar, em números, o crescimento das ações socialmente responsáveis desenvolvidas pelas empresas e, consequentemente, de importância do tema. Em seguida sai-se da literatura específica sobre responsabilidade social para buscar, principalmente nas ciências sociais, explicar como funcionam as organizações e as transformações que vem ocorrendo neste cenário, quais os objetivos de uma empresa e de que meios ela vem utilizando para atingi-los. Enquadrando responsabilidade social corporativa no mundo atual, demonstra-se o que pode ser o real objetivo das empresas ao serem socialmente responsáveis e quais os benefícios que tanto as empresas quanto a comunidade podem ter com o programa. O presente trabalho permitiu, ainda, constatar que o tema responsabilidade social precisa ser melhor estudado para que tenha um melhor entendimento e aproveitamento. iniciativas bem planejadas podem beneficiar acionistas, colaboradores e comunidade de formas diferentes, porém vantajosas a todos