A POLÍTICA COMO ANTAGONISMO: a irredutibilidade do conflito político

Contemporary democratic theory tends to emphasize the importance of values and processes that channel the production of consensus, treating political conflict as harmful to democracy. Even Chantal Mouffe, who denounces this movement in her agonistic model of democracy, reaffirms the need for consensus. This paper seeks thus to resume the notion of antagonism developed by Laclau (and by Mouffe herself) and present a renewed look at the possibilities of politics, envisioning the democratic model. What is at stake in politics (and in democratic politics) is always permeated by the dimension of antagonism, and views that emphasize the need for consensus only mask unequal processes and favors the acceptance of modes of exclusion. Rethinking antagonism and its possibilities, and understanding that democratic institutions end up marked by conflicts enables their plurality and inclusion, becomes, therefore, more fruitful for democratic politics.La théorie démocratique contemporaine tend à souligner l’importance des valeurs et des processus qui canalisent la production du consensus, traitant le conflit politique comme nuisible à la démocratie. Même Chantal Mouffe, qui dénonce ce mouvement dans son modèle agonistique de démocratie, réaffirme la nécessité du consensus. Cet article cherche donc à reprendre la notion d’antagonisme développée par Laclau (et par Mouffe elle-même) et à présenter un regard renouvelé sur les possibilités du politique, en envisageant le modèle démocratique. Les enjeux de la politique (et de la politique démocratique) sont toujours imprégnés de la dimension de l’antagonisme, et les points de vue qui mettent l’accent sur la nécessité du consensus ne font que masquer les processus inégaux et favorisent l’acceptation des modes d’exclusion. Repenser l’antagonisme et ses possibilités, et comprendre que les institutions démocratiques finissent par être marquées par des conflits permet leur pluralité et leur inclusion, devient donc plus fructueux pour la politique démocratique.Na teoria democrática contemporânea tende-se a enfatizar a importância de valores e processos que canalizem a produção de consensos, tratando o conflito político como nocivo à democracia. Mesmo Chantal Mouffe, autora que denuncia esse movimento com seu modelo agonístico de democracia, reafirma a necessidade de consensos. Assim, o objetivo deste artigo é retomar a noção de antagonismo desenvolvido por Ernesto Laclau (e por Chantal Mouffe) e apresentar um renovado olhar sobre as possiblidades da política, vislumbrando o modelo democrático. Entendemos que está em jogo na política (e na política democrática), sempre permeado pela dimensão do antagonismo, e que visões que enfatizam a necessidade de consensos apenas mascaram processos desiguais e com primazia à aceitação de modos de exclusão. Portanto repensar o antagonismo e suas possibilidades, e entender que as instituições de regimes democráticos são marcadas por conflitos que possibilitam sua pluralidade e inclusão é mais frutífero para a política democrática

“Revisitando” algumas teses do passado:: a eleição de 2006 e a disputa antagônica entre PT e PSDB

O antagonismo verificado durante o Horário Gratuito de PropagandaEleitoral (HGPE) aponta para uma melhor compreensão do impactoque esse espaço de disputa política tem sobre a vontade do eleitor. Emvista disso, o objetivo deste artigo consiste em demonstrar a construçãoantagônica entre os discursos produzidos pelas candidaturas do PSDBe do PT realizados durante o HGPE veiculados pela televisão na eleiçãopresidencial de 2006. Para isso, foram utilizados os aspectos teóricos emetodológicos da teoria do discurso de Laclau e Mouffe. Apuramos que,uma vez mais, o discurso em torno da economia emergiu como pontonodal antagônico e serviu para “camuflar” o tema “corrupção” que poderiaprejudicar a candidatura petista, além de verificar que o conceito deantagonismo pode ser uma ferramenta metodológica e analítica eficaz nocaminho de compreender a influência do HGPE no voto

PSDB e PT in HGPE : the antagonistic discursive construction from 1994 to 2006

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciência Política, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Política, 2018.O objetivo desta pesquisa é conhecer a estruturação discursiva das candidaturas à Presidência da República do PSDB e do PT veiculadas durante o Horário Gratuito de Propaganda Eleitoral (HGPE) nas eleições de 1994, 1998, 2002 e 2006, a fim de identificar suas diferenças constitutivas a partir de elementos antagônicos. Para tal análise foram utilizados os aspectos teóricos e metodológicos da teoria do discurso de Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe, com o intuito de identificar a relação antagônica estabelecida entre as candidaturas aqui estudadas, bem como os elementos constituidores de seus respectivos discursos. Buscamos apresentar que toda relação política, e, portanto, toda disputa política, se constitui a partir da relação antagônica, e, por isso, toda relação antagônica pressupõe uma disputa política em torno de um ou mais temas. Assim, temas compartilhados pelos polos antagônicos produzirão sentidos opostos. Além disso, entendemos que o HGPE se constituiu um espaço de disputa política, por isso marcado por relações antagônicas e, portanto, um espaço formador de discursos.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).The objective of this research is to know the discursive structure of the candidacies for the Presidency of the PSDB and the PT that were broadcast during the HGPE (Free Election advertising Shedule) in the 1994, 1998, 2002 and 2006 elections, in order to identify their constitutive differences based on antagonistic elements. For this analysis, the theoretical and methodological aspects of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's discourse theory were used to identify the antagonistic relationship established between the applications studied here, as well as the constituent elements of their respective discourses. We try to present that every political relationship, and therefore any political dispute, is constituted from the antagonistic relation, and therefore every antagonistic relation presupposes a political dispute around one or more themes, thus themes shared by the antagonistic poles will produce opposing meanings. In addition, we understand that the HGPE was constituted with space for political dispute, therefore marked by antagonistic relations and, therefore, a space for discourse

A comparison between the discourses of Previdencia reforms of the Cardoso and Lula

The aim of this study was to analyze the discourse of deputies of the PT and the PSDB, performed during the Great Expedient Section of Congress, dealing with security reforms undertaken in Cardoso and Lula. For this analysis we used the theoretical and methodological aspects of discoursetheory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, in order to identify the significations and the meanings generated by those deputies to refer the reforms. In this sense,you see the discursive relationship between parliamentarians from both parties and, in addition, will be demonstrated variation of parliamentary discourse in relation tothe two reforms, other words, how they positioned themselves in relation to reforms -highlighting the position in that political parties were, now in the situation, sometimes in opposition. The main hypothesis guiding this dissertation is that there is no so clear ideological differentiation between parliamentarians of the PT and the PSDB, being marked by an antagonistic separation between government and oppositionO objetivo desta pesquisa é analisar ocomportamento discursivo dos deputados federais do PT e do PSDB, realizados durante a Seção do Grande Expediente da Câmara Federal, tratando das reformasda Previdência realizadas nos governos Cardoso e Lula. Para tal análise foramutilizados os aspectos teóricos e metodológicos da teoria do discurso de Ernesto Laclau e Chantal Mouffe, com o intuito de identificar as significações e os sentidos gerados por tais deputados ao se referirem as reformas em questão. Neste sentido, será apresentada a relação discursiva entre os parlamentares de ambos os partidos e, além disso, será demonstrada a variação discursiva dos parlamentaresem relação às duas reformas, ou seja, como os mesmos se posicionaram em relação às reformas destacando a posição em que os partidos se encontravam, ora na situação, ora na oposição. A hipótese principal que guia esta dissertação é de que não há uma diferenciação ideológica tão clara entre os parlamentares do PT edo PSDB, ficando marcada por uma separação antagônica entre situação e oposiçã

From Situation to opposition: the welfare reform of the Lula’s government from the perspective of the PSDB deputies

With the defeat in the 2002 elections, the PSDB was characterized as the "strong opposition" to the government of the PT. He reached the command of the Executive in 2003, implemented a reform in Social Security, thus constituting the first time the opposition PSDB. Thus, the objective of this work is to understand the discursive behavior of federal PSDB deputies, held during the sessions of the Great Expedient of the Federal Chamber, when dealing with this reform. For the analysis, the theoretical and methodological aspects of discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe were used. It was possible to identify that the new political context has changed the identities of PT and PSDB, but kept the antagonistic relationship. Moreover, because it is the first time opposition, the PSDB did not build hegemonic discourse against the reform, but critical of its formatting

Evaluation of a quality improvement intervention to reduce anastomotic leak following right colectomy (EAGLE): pragmatic, batched stepped-wedge, cluster-randomized trial in 64 countries

Background Anastomotic leak affects 8 per cent of patients after right colectomy with a 10-fold increased risk of postoperative death. The EAGLE study aimed to develop and test whether an international, standardized quality improvement intervention could reduce anastomotic leaks. Methods The internationally intended protocol, iteratively co-developed by a multistage Delphi process, comprised an online educational module introducing risk stratification, an intraoperative checklist, and harmonized surgical techniques. Clusters (hospital teams) were randomized to one of three arms with varied sequences of intervention/data collection by a derived stepped-wedge batch design (at least 18 hospital teams per batch). Patients were blinded to the study allocation. Low- and middle-income country enrolment was encouraged. The primary outcome (assessed by intention to treat) was anastomotic leak rate, and subgroup analyses by module completion (at least 80 per cent of surgeons, high engagement; less than 50 per cent, low engagement) were preplanned. Results A total 355 hospital teams registered, with 332 from 64 countries (39.2 per cent low and middle income) included in the final analysis. The online modules were completed by half of the surgeons (2143 of 4411). The primary analysis included 3039 of the 3268 patients recruited (206 patients had no anastomosis and 23 were lost to follow-up), with anastomotic leaks arising before and after the intervention in 10.1 and 9.6 per cent respectively (adjusted OR 0.87, 95 per cent c.i. 0.59 to 1.30; P = 0.498). The proportion of surgeons completing the educational modules was an influence: the leak rate decreased from 12.2 per cent (61 of 500) before intervention to 5.1 per cent (24 of 473) after intervention in high-engagement centres (adjusted OR 0.36, 0.20 to 0.64; P < 0.001), but this was not observed in low-engagement hospitals (8.3 per cent (59 of 714) and 13.8 per cent (61 of 443) respectively; adjusted OR 2.09, 1.31 to 3.31). Conclusion Completion of globally available digital training by engaged teams can alter anastomotic leak rates. Registration number: NCT04270721 (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov)