Enhanced antigen presentation and immunostimulation of dendritic cells using acid-degradable cationic nanoparticles.

Acid-degradable cationic nanoparticles encapsulating a model antigen (i.e., ovalbumin) were prepared by inverse microemulsion polymerization with acid-cleavable acetal cross-linkers. Incubation of these degradable nanoparticles with dendritic cells derived from bone marrow (BMDCs) resulted in the enhanced presentation of ovalbumin-derived peptides, as quantified by B3Z cells, a CD8+ T cell hybridoma. The cationic nature of the particles contributed to the increased surface endocytosis (or phagocytosis) observed with BMDCs, which is the first barrier to overcome for successful antigen delivery. The acid sensitivity of the particles served to direct more ovalbumin antigens to be processed into the appropriately trimmed peptide fragments and presented via the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway following hydrolysis within the acidic lysosomes. It was also shown that adjuvant molecules such as unmethylated CpG oligonucleotides (CpG ODN) and anti-interleukin-10 oligonucleotides (AS10 ODN) could be co-delivered with the protein antigen for maximized cellular immune response

The Kolmogorov-Riesz compactness theorem

We show that the Arzela-Ascoli theorem and Kolmogorov compactness theorem both are consequences of a simple lemma on compactness in metric spaces. Their relation to Helly's theorem is discussed. The paper contains a detailed discussion on the historical background of the Kolmogorov compactness theorem.Comment: This version is lightly revised in response to referee comments. The paper will appear in Expositiones Mathematica

trans-Cyclo­hex-2-ene-1,4-diyl bis­(4-nitro­phen­yl) dicarbonate

Although the title mol­ecule, C20H16N2O10, does not possess mol­ecular inversion symmetry, it lies on a crystallographic inversion centre which imposes disorder on the central cyclo­hexene ring. In addition, the cyclo­hexene ring has non-symmetry-related disorder over two sites, with the ratio of the major and minor components being 0.54:0.46. The overall effect is to produce four disorder components for the atoms of the cyclo­hexene ring. The side chain is perfectly ordered and the dihedral angle between the atoms of the carbonate group (O=CO2—) and the benzene ring is 72.99 (6)°

A Fr\'{e}chet law and an Erd\"os-Philipp law for maximal cuspidal windings

In this paper we establish a Fr\'{e}chet law for maximal cuspidal windings of the geodesic flow on a Riemannian surface associated with an arbitrary finitely generated, essentially free Fuchsian group with parabolic elements. This result extends previous work by Galambos and Dolgopyat and is obtained by applying Extreme Value Theory. Subsequently, we show that this law gives rise to an Erd\"os-Philipp law and to various generalised Khintchine-type results for maximal cuspidal windings. These results strengthen previous results by Sullivan, Stratmann and Velani for Kleinian groups, and extend earlier work by Philipp on continued fractions, which was inspired by a conjecture of Erd\"os