A prospective analysis of the injury incidence of young male professional football players on artificial turf

Background: The effects of synthetic surfaces on the risk of injuries is still debated in literature and the majority of published data seems to be contradictory. For such reasons the understanding of injury incidence on such surfaces, especially in youth sport, is fundamental for injury prevention. Objectives: The aim of this study was to prospectively report the epidemiology of injuries in young football players, playing on artificial turfs, during a one sports season. Patients and Methods: 80 young male football players (age 16.1 ± 3.7 years; height 174 ± 6.6 cm; weight 64.2 ± 6.3 kg) were enrolled in a prospective cohort study. The participants were then divided in two groups; the first included players age ranging from 17 to 19 (OP) whereas the second included players age ranging from 13 to 16 (YP). Injury incidence was recorded prospectively, according to the consensus statement for soccer. Results: A total of 107 injuries (35 from the OP and 72 from the YP) were recorded during an exposure time of 83.760 hours (incidence 1.28/1000 per player hours); 22 during matches (incidence 2.84/1000 per player hours, 20.5%) and 85 during training (incidence 1.15/1000 per player hours, 79.5%). Thigh and groin were the most common injury locations (33.6% and 21.5%, respectively) while muscle injuries such as contractures and strains were the most common injury typologies (68.23%). No statistical differences between groups were displayed, except for the rate of severe injuries during matches, with the OP displaying slightly higher rates compared to the YP. Severe injuries accounted for 10.28% of the total injuries reported. The average time lost due to injuries was 14 days. Re-injuries accounted for 4.67% of all injuries sustained during the season. Conclusions: In professional youth soccer injury rates are reasonably low. Muscle injuries are the most common type of injuries while groin and thigh the most common locations. Artificial turf pitches don’t seem to contribute to injury incidence in young football players

SIMULATION DU COMPORTEMENT DES ECOULEMENTS D'EAU EN UTILISANT LE RESEAU HYDROLOGIQUE D'UN BASSIN VERSANT : CAS DE L ´OUED BENIMESSOUS, ALGÉRIE

International audienceAlgeria, vast country, known for its mountain chains is confronted with problems related to runoff, strong rivers flow and flooding in depressions zones. One of the most important aspects for the management of water resources is the good knowledge about the hydrographic network. In this context, the work presented is a contribution for a methodological approach using satellite image data for the generation of Digital Terrain Models (DTM) and the extraction of hydrological networks parameters. We have applied this methodology in a study of the Oued Benimessous drainage area located to the west of Algiers(the capital).In the first step, we have developed an Interferometric processor for the generation of a DTM from a radar image couple of ERS1 / 2 tandem data set and we calculated geomorphometry parameters. For the description of the water runoff we determined, in the second step, flow map directions using the D8 model, local and global drainage and the hydrological network. Also, we have proposed, a simulation of different weather situations by changing precipitation water quantities.L'Algérie, pays vaste, connu pour ses chaînes montagneuses est confronté aux problèmes des écoulements et des ruissellements des cours d'eau et d'accumulation des eaux dans les zones à fortes dépressions. Un des aspects les plus importants dans la gestion des ressources en eau est le réseau hydrographique des différentes régions. Dans ce contexte, le travail que nous présentons est une contribution dans une démarche méthodologique de traitement des images satellitaires et d'extraction de réseaux hydrologiques des bassins versants à partir de Modèles Numériques de Terrain (MNT). Nous l'avons appliquée sur une région située à l'Ouest d'Alger (la capitale) et nous nous sommes intéressés, à l'aspect applicatif de cette méthodologie pour l'étude du bassin versant de Oued Benimessous situé dans cette région. Dans la première étape, nous avons développé un processus interférométrique de génération de MNT à partir d'un couple d'images radar ERS1/2 en tandem puis nous avons calculé les paramètres de géomorphométrie. Pour la description du comportement des écoulements d'eau, nous avons déterminé, dans la deuxième étape, la carte des directions d'écoulement selon le modèle D8, la carte de drainage local et global ainsi que le réseau hydrologique. Nous avons proposé ensuite, une procédure de simulation avec différentes situations en modifiant la quantité d'eau des précipitations

In vitro biological effects of two anti-diabetic medicinal plants used in Benin as folk medicine.

International audienceBACKGROUND: Extracts from Polygonum senegalensis (Polygonaceae) and Pseudocedrela kotschyi (Meliaceae) are two important traditionally used medicinal plants in rural Benin to treat many diseases and notably type 2 diabetes. The aim of the study was to investigate the alpha-glucosidase inhibition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of those plants extract: Polygonum senegalensis leaves, and Pseudocedrela kotschyi root. METHODS: Hydro-alcoholic (50%) extracts were analyzed for their phytochemical content and tested for their inhibition potency on alpha-glucosidase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Antioxidant activities were assessed using the DPPH, ORAC, FRAP and DCFH-DA (cell based) assay. Finally, the antibacterial activity was evaluated using MIC determination on four Gram-positive cocci (Bacillus subtilis, Clostridium difficile, Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus), three Gram-negative bacilli (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae), and the yeast Candida albicans. RESULTS: Each extract presented significant alpha-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidant activities. Polygonum senegalensis leaf extracts were the most active in each in vitro assay with an IC50 = 1.5 mug/ml for alpha-glucosidase inhibition and an IC50 = 6.8 mug/ml for DPPH scavenging, - 4.5 mumol Fe II/g of dry matter - 9366 mumol Trolox / g DW - for FRAP and ORAC values, respectively. IC50 = 2.3 mug GA / ml for DCFH-DA assay. Concerning its antibacterial activity, a growth inhibitory effect was observed only against three Gram negative bacilli: B. subtilis, E. faecalis, S. aureus and the yeast C. albicans at high concentration. CONCLUSION: The results showed that the semi alcoholic extract of the two studied plants possess alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity, antioxidant potency, and low antibacterial effect

Spectral characterisation of variable reactance devices

Low Noise Figure communication receivers require more efficient frequency converters. Frequency conversion and multiplication processes cannot take place without the existence of harmonics in the system and the inherent property of a nonlinear element is to generate a harmonic spectrum. Such non1inearity, in general, may be provided by semiconductor diodes. This research project deals with the theoretical analysis as well as the properties of a nonlinear reactive device, i.e. Varactor Diode. The power series solutions for the exponential diodes do not normally converge quickly enough to be of practical value for numerical evaluations. A different approach is proposed for the evaluation of harmonic amplitudes and phases. The harmonic generating properties of four diodes of the same type were examined using two different approaches and a good agreement was found between the two methods. Many analyses published over the years have tended to introduce severe approximations which were only valid in practice over limited ranges of operation. However, it is believed that the new sampling method presented here evaluates fully the capabilities of these diodes in practice

AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENT SPEAKING SKILL USING ROLE PLAY METHOD

One of the skills that must be mastered in learning English is speaking. However, many people do not have the confidence to speak English because of several problems, both in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation or fluency. One of the many methods that can improve speaking skills is role-playing. The purpose of the study is to find out whether role-playing techniques can improve students' speaking skill or not.  It turns out that from several opinions of students that the speaking skills of students can practice pronunciation, and can increase vocabulary. Based on the data, it can be concluded that role-playing techniques can improve students' speaking skills. Keywords:  Speaking Skills, Role Pla

The Application of Guided Inquiry Approach Based on Virtual Laboratory to Increase Students Learning Outcome of Global Warming in SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya

The research objective was to describe the increasing of students’ learning outcome in global warming topic by implementing guided inquiry based on the virtual laboratory. The learning outcome which increased were cognitive and skill competence. The research used pre-experimental with one group pretest-posttest design and used three class as sample namely XI MIPA 1, XI MIPA 2, and XI MIPA 3 of SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya. The increasing of students learning outcome was analyzed by paired sample t test and normalized gain. The result of this research showed that (1) the learning process was conducted very good; (2) the students cognitive competence increased significantly in high rate and the students skill competence increased significantly in medium rate; (3) the students responses due to physics learning based on virtual laboeatory of global warming was very good. Based on those result it showed that implementation of guided inquiry approach based on virtual laboratory could increase the students learning outcome. Keywords: virtual laboratory, kognitive competence, skill competence, global warming. &nbsp

Negotiating Tactics, Tradeoffs, and Intellectual Property Politics: Chile and Malaysia in the Trans-Pacific Partnership

Decisions on tradeoffs in trade negotiations, or decisions made to procure a win-set for a country, do not occur in a silo – rather they occur in a complex interacting web of political-economic factors. This is especially applicable to pharmaceutical intellectual property (IP), where countries often have to consider tradeoffs between public health, commercial interests, public security, and market access, and where there is notable historical controversy. When a 12-year period of exclusivity for biologics, basically a long monopoly period for a new (expensive) class of medications engineered from living organisms, was proposed by the United States in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), negotiating parties of differing income levels were reluctant and/or opposed to incorporating these IP provisions. Where there is a deadlock, the opposing side may offer market access or other benefits to force a concession. A number of political-economic factors may play into this, including previous relationships between the two nations, the formation of a coalition, and power dynamics. And while scholarly literature has described the diminishing hegemony of the United States, examining this power dynamic in the context of the TPP and associated negotiation tactics, and in particular as regards two upper middle-income countries (UMICs), Chile, and Malaysia, fills a gap in literature on trade-related IP. A couple of political-economic factors make this case study significant; including that UMICs, despite their higher GNI per capita, cannot often sustainably afford the price tags attached to biologic drugs, and that they may have established more diversified economic dependence, reducing the need for concessions in some areas solely for market access to the United States or membership of the TPP. Drawing upon the testimonials of trade negotiators, government officials, and civil society, this thesis analyses tactics utilised by UMIC negotiators when faced with biologics tradeoffs, and formulates lessons for other developing countries

UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT KULIT PADA BAYI MELALUI PENYULUHAN PERAWATAN KULIT SEHAT

Kulit merupakan organ tubuh terluar yang berhubungan langsung dengan lingkungan sehingga berperan sebagai pelindung organ dalam. Untuk menjaga kesehatan kulit diperlukan perlindungan dan perawatan secara tepat dan teratur dengan memperhatikan berbagai aspek termasuk usia dan kondisi kulit.  Berdasarkan usia kronologik, kulit dibagi menjadi kulit bayi (0-1 tahun), kulit anak-anak (2-12 tahun), kulit remaja (13-19 tahun), kulit dewasa muda (20-40 tahun), kulit dewasa usia pertengahan (40-60 tahun), dan kulit usia lanjut (>60 tahun). Penggolongan lain berdasar kondisi kulit meliputi kulit normal, berminyak, dan kering.Cara perawatan kulit yang baik dan benar tidak selalu sama untuk setiap orang. Perawatan kulit bayi berbeda dengan kulit remaja atau usia lanjut. Dalam melakukan perawatan kulit bayi harus diingat bahwa kulit bayi berbeda dengan kulit dewasa. Kulit bayi relatif lebih tipis dan perlekatan antar sel masih longgar. Produksi kelenjar keringat dan kelenjar sebasea lebih sedikit. Hal tersebut menyebabkan potensi mengalami iritasi meningkat, dan lebih rentan terhadap infeksi, terutama yang disebabkan bakteri. Kulit bayi memiliki kemungkinan lebih rendah mengalami alergi kontak. Meningkatnya permeabilitas perkutan terjadi terutama pada bayi prematur,  kulit yang rusak, dan  kulit daerah skrotum. Perbandingan luas permukaan kulit terhadap  volume cairan tubuh relatif lebih besar sehingga risiko peningkatan bahan toksik di dalam darah lebih tinggi. Tujuan perawatan kulit pada bayi berhubungan dengan fungsi-fungsi pertahanan kulit bayi yang masih belum sempurna. Perawatan kulit bayi ditujukan untuk mencegah atau mengurangi terjadinya iritasi, serta mempertahankan fungsi utama kulit sebagai pelindung.Kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di Pos Kesehatan Kelurahan Tanjung Jering dengan sasaran kader kesehatan, bidan desa, dan ibu-ibu yang memiliki balita. Pelaksanaan kegiatan berupa penyuluhan dan demonstrasi cara memandikan bayi dan perawatan bayi setaelah mandi dan dalam keihidupan sehari-hari. Pelaksana kegiatan terdiri dari Dokter spesialis Kulit dan Kelamin, dokter umum, serta dibantu oleh dua orang mahasiswa yang telah memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan mengenai perawatan kulit bayi. Peserta kegiatan akan mendapatkan leaflet yang berisi informasi tata cara perawatan bayi, menonton video perawatan bayi, serta memperagakan langsung cara perawatan bayi menggunakan alat peraga. Peserta dapat berdiskusi langsung dengan narasumber dan mendapatkan salinan informasi dalam bentuk CD untuk dipelajari ulang Dari kegiatan yang dilakukan terlihat warga masyarakat yag hadir sangat antusias untuk mengikuti kegiatan pengabdian ini. Hal ini dapat diketahui dengan banyaknya pertanyaan yang muncul setelah penyuluhan diberikan. Pertanyaan tidak hanya terbatas pada penyakit kulit pada bayi, tetap peserta yang hadir juga melakukan konsultasi serta diperiksa kulitnya. Akhir kegiatan berupa penyerahan alat perawatan kesehatan bayi, leaflet, dan brosur kepada bidan dan kader kesehatan. Perlu dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian yang berkesinambungan dengan topik-topik penyakit yang berbeda juga pengabdian berupa pelayanan pemeriksaan dan pengobatan gratis kepada masyarakat sehingga selain mendapatkan pengetahuan yang baru juga dapat menikmati langsung pelayanan kesehatan