Negotiating Tactics, Tradeoffs, and Intellectual Property Politics: Chile and Malaysia in the Trans-Pacific Partnership

Decisions on tradeoffs in trade negotiations, or decisions made to procure a win-set for a country, do not occur in a silo – rather they occur in a complex interacting web of political-economic factors. This is especially applicable to pharmaceutical intellectual property (IP), where countries often have to consider tradeoffs between public health, commercial interests, public security, and market access, and where there is notable historical controversy. When a 12-year period of exclusivity for biologics, basically a long monopoly period for a new (expensive) class of medications engineered from living organisms, was proposed by the United States in the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), negotiating parties of differing income levels were reluctant and/or opposed to incorporating these IP provisions. Where there is a deadlock, the opposing side may offer market access or other benefits to force a concession. A number of political-economic factors may play into this, including previous relationships between the two nations, the formation of a coalition, and power dynamics. And while scholarly literature has described the diminishing hegemony of the United States, examining this power dynamic in the context of the TPP and associated negotiation tactics, and in particular as regards two upper middle-income countries (UMICs), Chile, and Malaysia, fills a gap in literature on trade-related IP. A couple of political-economic factors make this case study significant; including that UMICs, despite their higher GNI per capita, cannot often sustainably afford the price tags attached to biologic drugs, and that they may have established more diversified economic dependence, reducing the need for concessions in some areas solely for market access to the United States or membership of the TPP. Drawing upon the testimonials of trade negotiators, government officials, and civil society, this thesis analyses tactics utilised by UMIC negotiators when faced with biologics tradeoffs, and formulates lessons for other developing countries

Spectral characterisation of variable reactance devices

Low Noise Figure communication receivers require more efficient frequency converters. Frequency conversion and multiplication processes cannot take place without the existence of harmonics in the system and the inherent property of a nonlinear element is to generate a harmonic spectrum. Such non1inearity, in general, may be provided by semiconductor diodes. This research project deals with the theoretical analysis as well as the properties of a nonlinear reactive device, i.e. Varactor Diode. The power series solutions for the exponential diodes do not normally converge quickly enough to be of practical value for numerical evaluations. A different approach is proposed for the evaluation of harmonic amplitudes and phases. The harmonic generating properties of four diodes of the same type were examined using two different approaches and a good agreement was found between the two methods. Many analyses published over the years have tended to introduce severe approximations which were only valid in practice over limited ranges of operation. However, it is believed that the new sampling method presented here evaluates fully the capabilities of these diodes in practice

The Application of Guided Inquiry Approach Based on Virtual Laboratory to Increase Students Learning Outcome of Global Warming in SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya

The research objective was to describe the increasing of students’ learning outcome in global warming topic by implementing guided inquiry based on the virtual laboratory. The learning outcome which increased were cognitive and skill competence. The research used pre-experimental with one group pretest-posttest design and used three class as sample namely XI MIPA 1, XI MIPA 2, and XI MIPA 3 of SMA Muhammadiyah 2 Surabaya. The increasing of students learning outcome was analyzed by paired sample t test and normalized gain. The result of this research showed that (1) the learning process was conducted very good; (2) the students cognitive competence increased significantly in high rate and the students skill competence increased significantly in medium rate; (3) the students responses due to physics learning based on virtual laboeatory of global warming was very good. Based on those result it showed that implementation of guided inquiry approach based on virtual laboratory could increase the students learning outcome. Keywords: virtual laboratory, kognitive competence, skill competence, global warming. &nbsp

UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENYAKIT KULIT PADA BAYI MELALUI PENYULUHAN PERAWATAN KULIT SEHAT

Kulit merupakan organ tubuh terluar yang berhubungan langsung dengan lingkungan sehingga berperan sebagai pelindung organ dalam. Untuk menjaga kesehatan kulit diperlukan perlindungan dan perawatan secara tepat dan teratur dengan memperhatikan berbagai aspek termasuk usia dan kondisi kulit.  Berdasarkan usia kronologik, kulit dibagi menjadi kulit bayi (0-1 tahun), kulit anak-anak (2-12 tahun), kulit remaja (13-19 tahun), kulit dewasa muda (20-40 tahun), kulit dewasa usia pertengahan (40-60 tahun), dan kulit usia lanjut (>60 tahun). Penggolongan lain berdasar kondisi kulit meliputi kulit normal, berminyak, dan kering.Cara perawatan kulit yang baik dan benar tidak selalu sama untuk setiap orang. Perawatan kulit bayi berbeda dengan kulit remaja atau usia lanjut. Dalam melakukan perawatan kulit bayi harus diingat bahwa kulit bayi berbeda dengan kulit dewasa. Kulit bayi relatif lebih tipis dan perlekatan antar sel masih longgar. Produksi kelenjar keringat dan kelenjar sebasea lebih sedikit. Hal tersebut menyebabkan potensi mengalami iritasi meningkat, dan lebih rentan terhadap infeksi, terutama yang disebabkan bakteri. Kulit bayi memiliki kemungkinan lebih rendah mengalami alergi kontak. Meningkatnya permeabilitas perkutan terjadi terutama pada bayi prematur,  kulit yang rusak, dan  kulit daerah skrotum. Perbandingan luas permukaan kulit terhadap  volume cairan tubuh relatif lebih besar sehingga risiko peningkatan bahan toksik di dalam darah lebih tinggi. Tujuan perawatan kulit pada bayi berhubungan dengan fungsi-fungsi pertahanan kulit bayi yang masih belum sempurna. Perawatan kulit bayi ditujukan untuk mencegah atau mengurangi terjadinya iritasi, serta mempertahankan fungsi utama kulit sebagai pelindung.Kegiatan yang dilaksanakan di Pos Kesehatan Kelurahan Tanjung Jering dengan sasaran kader kesehatan, bidan desa, dan ibu-ibu yang memiliki balita. Pelaksanaan kegiatan berupa penyuluhan dan demonstrasi cara memandikan bayi dan perawatan bayi setaelah mandi dan dalam keihidupan sehari-hari. Pelaksana kegiatan terdiri dari Dokter spesialis Kulit dan Kelamin, dokter umum, serta dibantu oleh dua orang mahasiswa yang telah memiliki pengetahuan dan ketrampilan mengenai perawatan kulit bayi. Peserta kegiatan akan mendapatkan leaflet yang berisi informasi tata cara perawatan bayi, menonton video perawatan bayi, serta memperagakan langsung cara perawatan bayi menggunakan alat peraga. Peserta dapat berdiskusi langsung dengan narasumber dan mendapatkan salinan informasi dalam bentuk CD untuk dipelajari ulang Dari kegiatan yang dilakukan terlihat warga masyarakat yag hadir sangat antusias untuk mengikuti kegiatan pengabdian ini. Hal ini dapat diketahui dengan banyaknya pertanyaan yang muncul setelah penyuluhan diberikan. Pertanyaan tidak hanya terbatas pada penyakit kulit pada bayi, tetap peserta yang hadir juga melakukan konsultasi serta diperiksa kulitnya. Akhir kegiatan berupa penyerahan alat perawatan kesehatan bayi, leaflet, dan brosur kepada bidan dan kader kesehatan. Perlu dilakukan kegiatan pengabdian yang berkesinambungan dengan topik-topik penyakit yang berbeda juga pengabdian berupa pelayanan pemeriksaan dan pengobatan gratis kepada masyarakat sehingga selain mendapatkan pengetahuan yang baru juga dapat menikmati langsung pelayanan kesehatan

Skin Microbiota

The skin is a complex and dynamic ecosystem. It may act as physical barrier to bar the invasion of foreign pathogens while concomitantly providing home to commensals bacteria, fungi and viruses. These microbes were known as microbiota. Over a human’s life span, skin cells, immune cells, and microbiota will integrate to maintain homeostasis of skin’s physiology and immune barrier, both under healthy conditions and also under stresses (infection and wounding). Shifts in the normal microbiota may cause diseases such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis even though pathophysiology of these conditions is still unknown

Riskfactors of scabies in students of Aulia Cendikia Islamic BoardingSchool, Palembang

Abstract.Scabies is a skin disease caused by infestation and sensitization of Sarcoptesscabiei var. hominis. Scabies can infect everyone at all ages, races, genders and social economic levels. This disease is usually found in places such as dormitories, orphanages, prisons, islamic boarding schools that lack personal hygiene. Observational analytic research with cross sectional design has been carried out at boarding school Aulia Cendikia in Palembang from June to December 2017. There were 199 samples of students of Aulia Cendikia boarding school in Palembang city that met the inclusion criteria. In this study, there were no age differences between students with or without scabies (p = 0.374; p> 0.05). This study showed that the number of people per room was the factor that most contributed to the incidence of scabies (PR = 2.746, p = 0.002) followed by personal hygiene (PR = 2.333, p = 0.007) and gender (PR = 2.068, p = 0.019). Number of people in the room, personal hygiene and gender are risk factors for scabies at the Aulia Cendikiaislamic boarding school in Palembang

KREATIVITAS ANAK USIA DINI MELALUI METODE BERMAIN PASIR AJAIB

Children are social creatures as well as adults. Children neen other people to be able to help develop their abilities, because children are born with all the weaknesses so that without someone else the child is unable to reach a normal level of humanity. To explore the children's potential is needed a stimulus in learning that is by creativity by creating new things through the magic sand game. Aims to find out to what extent the creativity of young children who use the method of playing magic sand compared to children who use ordinary learning media and want to see the results of the creativity ability of children who use learning methods to play magic sand in Group B. Using a quasi-experimental method with a comparison of the control class and the experimental class. The results show that 31,7500 in the control class and treatment giving experimental class get 32,0,025.Anak merupakan makhluk sosial seperti juga orang dewasa. Anak membutuhkan orang lain untuk dapat membantu mengembangkan kemampuannya, karena anak lahir dengan segala kelemahan sehingga tanpa orang lain anak tidak mampu dapat mencapai taraf kemanusiaan yang normal. Untuk menggali potensi anak tersebut diperlukan sebuah stimulus dalam pembelajaran yakni dengan kreativitas dengan menciptakan hal baru melalui permainan pasir ajaib. Bertujuan untuk mengetahui sampai dimana kreativitas anak usia dini yang menggunakan metode bermain pasir ajaib dibandingkan dengan anak yang menggunakan media pembelajaran biasa dan ingin melihat hasil kemampuan kreativitas anak yang menggunakan pembelajaran metode bemain pasir ajaib di Kelompok B. Menggunakan metode kuasi eksperimen dengan pembanding kelas kontrol dan kelas eksperimen. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa 31.7500 pada kelas kontrol dan pemberian treatment kelas eksperimen mendapatkan 32.0625

Pengaruh pergaulan teman sebaya, gaya hidup, dan pendapatan orang tua terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswa : studi kasus mahasiswa Ekonomi Islam angkatan 2019 UIN Walisongo Semarang

Perkembangan zaman yang sangat pesat saat ini tidak hanya berdampak pada teknologi, tetapi berpengaruh juga terhadap perilaku konsumtif masyarakat. Salah satu fenomena yang tampak adalah perilaku konsumtif berlebihan di kalangan mahasiswa, padahal secara ekonomi mereka belum mandiri dan dan masih menggantungkan biaya hidupnya kepada orang tua. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pergaulan teman sebaya, gaya hidup, dan pendapatan orang tua terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswa Ekonomi Islam angkatan 2019 UIN Walisongo Semarang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif. Populasinya adalah mahasiswa program studi Ekonomi Islam angkatan 2019 FEBI UIN Walisongo yang berjumlah 156 orang dengan mengambil sampel penelitian sebanyak 112 responden. Sumber data yang digunakan terdiri dari data primer dan data sekunder. Data-data dikumpulkan dengan menggunakan metode angket (kuesioner) dan dokumentasi. Data-data yang sudah terkumpul kemudian diuji dengan menggunakan metode uji analisis deskriptif, uji instrumen penelitian, uji asumsi klasik, dan uji hipotesis di bantu dengan menggunakan program SPSS 25. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwa: (1) Tidak terdapat pengaruh antara pergaulan teman sebaya terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswa Ekonomi Islam 2019 UIN Walisongo Semarang dengan nilai t-hitung pergaulan teman sebaya (X1) -1,707 dan nilai t-tabel 1,982 (-1,707 0,0. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa variabel pergaulan teman sebaya berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap perilaku konsumtif. (2) Terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan antara gaya hidup terhadap perilaku konsumtif mahasiswa Ekonomi Islam 2019 UIN Walisongo Semarang dengan nilai t-hitung gaya hidup (X2) 9,335 dan t-tabel 1,982 (9,335 > 1,982) dengan nilai signifikan sebesar 0,000 1,982) dengan nilai signifikan 0,000 < 0,05. ABSTRACT: The current rapid developments not only have an impact on technology, but also affect people's consumptive behavior. One of the visible phenomena is excessive consumptive behavior among students, even though economically they are not yet independent and still depend on their parents for their living expenses. This study aims to determine the influence of peer association, lifestyle, and parental income on the consumptive behavior of Islamic Economics students class of 2019 UIN Walisongo Semarang. The research method used in this study is a quantitative method. The population is 156 students of the Islamic Economics study program class of FEBI UIN Walisongo, taking a research sample of 112 respondents. Source of data used consists of primary data and secondary data. The data were collected using a questionnaire (questionnaire) and documentation. The data that has been collected is then tested using the descriptive analysis test method, the research instrument test, the classical assumption test, and the hypothesis test assisted by using the SPSS 25 program. Based on the results of this study it was concluded that: (1) There is no influence between peer association on the consumptive behavior of 2019 Islamic Economics students at UIN Walisongo Semarang with a t-count value of peer association (X1) -1.707 and a t-table value of 1.982 (-1.707 0.0. These results indicate that peer association variables have a negative and insignificant effect on consumptive behavior. (2) There is a positive and significant influence between lifestyle on consumptive behavior of 2019 Islamic Economics students at UIN Walisongo Semarang with a lifestyle t-count value (X2) of 9.335 and t-table of 1.982 (9.335 > 1.982) with a significant value of 0.000 1.982) with a significant value of 0.000 < 0.05

Isolasi dan Identifikasi Spesies Dermatofita Penyebab Tinea Kruris di Pusat Pelayanan Kesehatan Primer

Dermatofita merupakan kelompok jamur yang mampu menginvasi keratin (kulit, kuku, rambut). Dermatofitosis di pangkal paha, genitalia, pubis, perineum, dan perianal disebut tinea kruris. Diagnosis ditegakkan berdasarkan klinis dan diperkuat dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopis dan biakan. Isolasi spesies jamur dilakukan dengan agar dekstrosa Saboraud dan identifikasi dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan mikroskopik menggunakan lactophenol cotton blue. Penelitian menggunakan metode observasional deskriptif dengan rancangan potong lintang dilakukan pada pasien tinea kruris di pusat kesehatan primer Palembang pada 60 subjek penelitian yang termasuk kriteria inklusi. Berdasarkan hasil biakan, ditemukan 25 biakan jamur positif. Insidensi terbanyak pada usia kisaran 15-24 tahun dan jenis kelamin laki-laki. Sebagian besar pasien memiliki riwayat higienitas kurang baik dan tidak memiliki hewan peliharaan. Jamur Tricophyton rubrum diisolasi dari sebagian besar biakan (56%)