Evolution of physical training in football

En el ámbito del deporte, ha venido siendo demostrado, que uno de los factores más importantes para que el deportista pueda rendir en las mejores condiciones es el de tener una buena preparación física. Independientemente del perfeccionamiento técnico, apoyo médico, nutrición, nuevos materiales, etc. La preparación física ha experimentado en los últimos años una evolución extraordinaria, tanto en cantidad como en calidad. En las últimas décadas las ciencias del deporte han evolucionado enormemente, producto de ello son los avances aparecidos en la preparación física en el fútbol a todos sus niveles. En este artículo se analizan las principales tendencias que históricamente han venido empleándose para la mejora de las diferentes cualidades físicas que implican la práctica de este deporte, con el objetivo de alcanzar el mejor rendimiento posible

Genomic analysis of two phlebotomine sand fly vectors of Leishmania from the New and Old World.

Phlebotomine sand flies are of global significance as important vectors of human disease, transmitting bacterial, viral, and protozoan pathogens, including the kinetoplastid parasites of the genus Leishmania, the causative agents of devastating diseases collectively termed leishmaniasis. More than 40 pathogenic Leishmania species are transmitted to humans by approximately 35 sand fly species in 98 countries with hundreds of millions of people at risk around the world. No approved efficacious vaccine exists for leishmaniasis and available therapeutic drugs are either toxic and/or expensive, or the parasites are becoming resistant to the more recently developed drugs. Therefore, sand fly and/or reservoir control are currently the most effective strategies to break transmission. To better understand the biology of sand flies, including the mechanisms involved in their vectorial capacity, insecticide resistance, and population structures we sequenced the genomes of two geographically widespread and important sand fly vector species: Phlebotomus papatasi, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause cutaneous leishmaniasis, (distributed in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa) and Lutzomyia longipalpis, a vector of Leishmania parasites that cause visceral leishmaniasis (distributed across Central and South America). We categorized and curated genes involved in processes important to their roles as disease vectors, including chemosensation, blood feeding, circadian rhythm, immunity, and detoxification, as well as mobile genetic elements. We also defined gene orthology and observed micro-synteny among the genomes. Finally, we present the genetic diversity and population structure of these species in their respective geographical areas. These genomes will be a foundation on which to base future efforts to prevent vector-borne transmission of Leishmania parasites

La alfabetización científica de personas adultas : un enfoque educativo

The article departs from the premise that the scientific literacy of adults implies a background allowing them to participate in the communicative mode (Habermas, 1987) to take a decision on the scientific/technological advances that affect us. Starting from this definition we find that the mere conceptual learning does not ensure the improvement of this attitude for participation. It could even produce the contrary effect. When the instructive design contemplates these attitudes, the result improves, although other effects and deficiencies can appear: degree of generalization and anxiety in front of participation. Our proposal is that these aspects are also kept in mind in adult scientific education

La alfabetización científica de personas adultas : un enfoque educativo

The article departs from the premise that the scientific literacy of adults implies a background allowing them to participate in the communicative mode (Habermas, 1987) to take a decision on the scientific/technological advances that affect us. Starting from this definition we find that the mere conceptual learning does not ensure the improvement of this attitude for participation. It could even produce the contrary effect. When the instructive design contemplates these attitudes, the result improves, although other effects and deficiencies can appear: degree of generalization and anxiety in front of participation. Our proposal is that these aspects are also kept in mind in adult scientific education