Control of friction forces with stationary wave piezoelectric actuator

"In the field of the research on piezoelectric motors, the control of friction forces by ultrasonic waves was studied mainly from an experimental point of view [1]. The principle of friction force reduction by imposed mechanical vibrations in unlubricated contacts was recently studied in order to reduce the friction losses in an internal combustion engine with Langevin type actuators [2]. This article deals with the advantages of flexural stationary wave piezoelectric actuators in the control of the friction forces thanks to their high pressures generated at high frequencies (>10 Khz). The use of specific contact geometry which is defined by the Hertz theory associated with partial slip contact conditions, allows optimizing the lubrication effect. In the case of piezoelectric torque limiter application, the design and the numerical simulation of dedicated piezoelectric actuator are compared. In agreement with the contact modeling, the characterization of the complete actuator on mechanical test bench validates the ""torque limiter"" function and the optimization of lubrication principle with dedicated contact geometry

Control of friction forces with stationary wave piezoelectric actuator

"In the field of the research on piezoelectric motors, the control of friction forces by ultrasonic waves was studied mainly from an experimental point of view [1]. The principle of friction force reduction by imposed mechanical vibrations in unlubricated contacts was recently studied in order to reduce the friction losses in an internal combustion engine with Langevin type actuators [2]. This article deals with the advantages of flexural stationary wave piezoelectric actuators in the control of the friction forces thanks to their high pressures generated at high frequencies (>10 Khz). The use of specific contact geometry which is defined by the Hertz theory associated with partial slip contact conditions, allows optimizing the lubrication effect. In the case of piezoelectric torque limiter application, the design and the numerical simulation of dedicated piezoelectric actuator are compared. In agreement with the contact modeling, the characterization of the complete actuator on mechanical test bench validates the ""torque limiter"" function and the optimization of lubrication principle with dedicated contact geometry

Quasiparticle interfacial level alignment of highly hybridized frontier levels: H2_2O on TiO2_2(110)

Knowledge of the frontier levels' alignment prior to photo-irradiation is necessary to achieve a complete quantitative description of H$_2$O photocatalysis on TiO$_2$(110). Although H$_2$O on rutile TiO$_2$(110) has been thoroughly studied both experimentally and theoretically, a quantitative value for the energy of the highest H$_2$O occupied levels is still lacking. For experiment, this is due to the H$_2$O levels being obscured by hybridization with TiO$_2$(110) levels in the difference spectra obtained via ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). For theory, this is due to inherent difficulties in properly describing many-body effects at the H$_2$O-TiO$_2$(110) interface. Using the projected density of states (DOS) from state-of-the-art quasiparticle (QP) $G_0W_0$, we disentangle the adsorbate and surface contributions to the complex UPS spectra of H$_2$O on TiO$_2$(110). We perform this separation as a function of H$_2$O coverage and dissociation on stoichiometric and reduced surfaces. Due to hybridization with the TiO$_2$(110) surface, the H$_2$O 3a$_1$ and 1b$_1$ levels are broadened into several peaks between 5 and 1 eV below the TiO$_2$(110) valence band maximum (VBM). These peaks have both intermolecular and interfacial bonding and antibonding character. We find the highest occupied levels of H$_2$O adsorbed intact and dissociated on stoichiometric TiO$_2$(110) are 1.1 and 0.9 eV below the VBM. We also find a similar energy of 1.1 eV for the highest occupied levels of H$_2$O when adsorbed dissociatively on a bridging O vacancy of the reduced surface. In both cases, these energies are significantly higher (by 0.6 to 2.6 eV) than those estimated from UPS difference spectra, which are inconclusive in this energy region. Finally, we apply self-consistent QP$GW$ (scQP$GW$1) to obtain the ionization potential of the H$_2$O-TiO$_2$(110) interface.Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, 1 tabl

Impact of amendments on the physical properties of soil under tropical long-term no till conditions

Tropical regions have been considered the world's primary agricultural frontier; however, some physico-chemical deficiencies, such as low soil organic matter content, poor soil structure, high erodibility, soil acidity, and aluminum toxicity, have affected their productive capacity. Lime and gypsum are commonly used to improve soil chemical fertility, but no information exists about the long-term effects of these products on the physical attributes and C protection mechanisms of highly weathered Oxisols. A field trial was conducted in a sandy clay loam (kaolinitic, thermic Typic Haplorthox) under a no-tillage system for 12 years. The trial consisted of four treatments: a control with no soil amendment application, the application of 2.1 Mg ha-1 phosphogypsum, the application of 2.0 Mg ha-1 lime, and the application of lime + phosphogypsum (2.0 + 2.1 Mg ha-1, respectively). Since the experiment was established in 2002, the rates have been applied three times (2002, 2004, and 2010). Surface liming effectively increased water-stable aggregates > 2.0 mm at a depth of up to 0.2 m; however, the association with phosphogypsum was considered a good strategy to improve the macroaggregate stability in subsoil layers (0.20 to 0.40 m). Consequently, both soil amendments applied together increased the mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) in all soil layers, with increases of up to 118 and 89%, respectively, according to the soil layer. The formation and stabilization of larger aggregates contributed to a higher accumulation of total organic carbon (TOC) on these structures. In addition to TOC, the MWD and aggregate stability index were positively correlated with Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels and base saturation. Consequently, the increase observed in the aggregate size class resulted in a better organization of soil particles, increasing the macroporosity and reducing the soil bulk density and penetration resistance. Therefore, adequate soil chemical management plays a fundamental role in improving the soil's physical attributes in tropical areas under conservative management and highly affected by compaction caused by intensive farming

Correção da acidez do solo, crescimento radicular e nutrição do milho de acordo com a calagem na superfície em sistema plantio direto

Os efeitos das alterações químicas do solo, decorrentes da calagem na superfície, em sistema plantio direto, no crescimento radicular e na nutrição do milho não são muito conhecidos. Com o objetivo de estudar a correção da acidez do solo, o crescimento de raízes de milho (híbrido AG 9090), a nutrição da planta e seus reflexos sobre a produção de grãos, considerando a aplicação superficial de calcário no sistema plantio direto, foi realizado um experimento em um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura média, em Ponta Grossa (PR). O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. As parcelas receberam quatro doses de calcário dolomítico na superfície (0, 2, 4 e 6 t ha-1), em julho de 1993, e, nas subparcelas, foram reaplicadas duas doses de calcário dolomítico na superfície (0 e 3 t ha-1), em junho de 2000. A calagem, após 92 meses, aumentou o pH, o Ca trocável e a saturação por bases e reduziu o Al trocável do solo, até à profundidade de 0,60 m. A reaplicação de calcário, após nove meses, proporcionou aumento no pH, Ca trocável e saturação por bases e redução no Al trocável do solo, até à profundidade de 0,20 m. A reação do calcário reaplicado na superfície foi mais rápida em condições de maior acidez do solo. Não houve limitação do crescimento radicular e da produção de milho para concentração de 10 mmol c dm-3 de Al trocável, na ausência de déficit hídrico em solo com alto teor de matéria orgânica, mas a calagem na superfície melhorou a distribuição relativa de raízes na presença de solo compactado. O calcário dolomítico aplicado na superfície em plantio direto proporcionou redução no teor de K no tecido foliar do milho, sem alterar a produção de grãos

Acidity and Aluminum Speciation as Affected by Surface Liming in Tropical No-Till Soils

Aluminum toxicity is one of the major soil factors limiting root growth in acidic soils. Because of the increase in organic matter content in the upper few centimeters of soils under no-till systems (NTS), most Al in soil solution may be complexed to dissolved organic C (DOC), thus decreasing its bioavailability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of surface liming on Al speciation in soil solution in Brazilian sites under NTS. Field experiments were performed in two regions with contrasting climates and levels of soil acidity: Rondonopolis, Mato Grosso State, on a Rhodic Haplustox, and Ponta Grossa, Parana State, on a Typic Hapludox. The treatments consisted of a control and three lime rates, surface applied to raise the base saturation to 50, 70, and 90%. Soil solution was obtained at soil water equilibrium (1:1 w/w soil/water ratio). The effects of surface liming on soil chemical attributes and on the composition of the soil solution were dependent on weather conditions, time under NTS, and soil weathering. Most Al in soil solution was complexed to DOC, representing about 70 to 80% of the total Al at pH <5.0, and about 30 to 4096 at pH >5.0. Under pH 5.5, the results were closely correlated with the solubility line for amorphous Al. Organic complexes may control Al(3+) release into soil solution at pH <5.5. Results suggest that in areas under NTS for a long period of time, Al toxicity might decrease due to its complexation to high-molecular-weight organic compounds