591 research outputs found
Pitch-angle scattering in magnetostatic turbulence. I. Test-particle simulations and the validity of analytical results
Context. Spacecraft observations have motivated the need for a refined
description of the phase-space distribution function. Of particular importance
is the pitch-angle diffusion coefficient that occurs in the Fokker-Planck
transport equation. Aims. Simulations and analytical test-particle theories are
compared to verify the diffusion description of particle transport, which does
not allow for non-Markovian behavior. Methods. A Monte-Carlo simulation code
was used to trace the trajectories of test particles moving in turbulent
magnetic fields. From the ensemble average, the pitch-angle Fokker-Planck
coefficient is obtained via the mean square displacement. Results. It is shown
that, while excellent agreement with analytical theories can be obtained for
slab turbulence, considerable deviations are found for isotropic turbulence. In
addition, all Fokker-Planck coefficients tend to zero for high time values.Comment: 8 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in Astron. Astrophy
Eta electroproduction on nuclei in the nucleon resonance region
We investigate eta electroproduction on nuclei for Q^2=2.4 and 3.6 GeV^2 in
the framework of a coupled-channel BUU transport model. We analyze the
importance of final state interactions and side feeding and compare with
findings drawn from eta photoproduction. It is shown that in contrast to
photoproduction the influence of etas stemming from secondary processes becomes
important at high Q^2.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure
Magnetic properties of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with oleic and dodecanoic acids
Magnetic nanoparticles (NP) of magnetite (Fe3O4) coated with oleic acid (OA)
and dodecanoic acid (DA) were synthesized and investigated through Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM),magnetization M, and ac magnetic susceptibility
measurements. The OA coated samples were produced with different magnetic
concentrations (78, 76, and 65%) and the DA sample with 63% of Fe3O4. Images
from TEM indicate that the NP have a nearly spherical geometry and mean
diameter ~ 5.5 nm. Magnetization measurements, performed in zero field cooled
(ZFC) and field cooled (FC) processes under different external magnetic fields
H, exhibited a maximum at a given temperature TB in the ZFC curves, which
depends on the NP coating (OA or DA), magnetite concentration, and H. The
temperature TB decreases monotonically with increasing H and, for a given H,
the increase in the magnetite concentration results in an increase of TB. The
observed behavior is related to the dipolar interaction (DI) between NP which
seems to be an important mechanism in all samples studied. This is supported by
the results of the ac magnetic susceptibility Xac measurements, where the
temperature in which X' peaks for different frequencies follows the
Vogel-Fulcher model, a feature commonly found in systems with dipolar
interactions. Curves of H vs. TB/TB(H=0) for samples with different coatings
and magnetite concentrations collapse into a universal curve, indicating that
the qualitative magnetic behavior of the samples may be described by the NP
themselves, instead of the coating or the strength of the dipolar interaction.
Below TB, M vs. H curves show a coercive field (HC) that increases
monotonically with decreasing temperature. The saturation magnetization (MS)
follows the Bloch's law and values of MS at room temperature as high as 78
emu/g were estimated, a result corresponding to ~80% of the bulk value. The
overlap of M/MS vs. H/T curves for a given sample and the low HC at high
temperatures suggest superparamagnetic behavior in all samples studied. The
overlap of M/MS vs. H curves at constant temperature for different samples
indicates that the NP magnetization behavior is preserved, independently of the
coating and magnetite concentration.Comment: 8 pages and 9 figure
Partitioning the triangles of the cross polytope into surfaces
We present a constructive proof that there exists a decomposition of the
2-skeleton of the k-dimensional cross polytope into closed surfaces
of genus , each with a transitive automorphism group given by the
vertex transitive -action on . Furthermore we show
that for each the 2-skeleton of the (k-1)-simplex is a union
of highly symmetric tori and M\"obius strips.Comment: 13 pages, 1 figure. Minor update. Journal-ref: Beitr. Algebra Geom. /
Contributions to Algebra and Geometry, 53(2):473-486, 201
Overview of high-speed TDM-PON beyond 50 Gbps per wavelength using digital signal processing [Invited Tutorial]
The recent evolution of passive optical network standards and related research activities for physical layer solutions that achieve bit rates well above 10 Gbps per wavelength (lambda) is discussed. We show that the advancement toward 50, 100, and 200 Gbps/lambda will certainly require a strong introduction of advanced digital signal processing (DSP) technologies for linear, and maybe nonlinear, equalization and for forward error correction. We start by reviewing in detail the current standardization activities in the International Telecommunication Union and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, and then we present a comparison of the DSP approaches for traditional direct detection solutions and for future coherent detection approaches. (c) 2022 Optica Publishing Grou
Purification and Characterization of a Novel (R)-Mandelonitrile Lyase from the Fern Phlebodium aureum
Electron Power-Law Spectra in Solar and Space Plasmas
Particles are accelerated to very high, non-thermal energies in solar and
space plasma environments. While energy spectra of accelerated electrons often
exhibit a power law, it remains unclear how electrons are accelerated to high
energies and what processes determine the power-law index . Here, we
review previous observations of the power-law index in a variety of
different plasma environments with a particular focus on sub-relativistic
electrons. It appears that in regions more closely related to magnetic
reconnection (such as the `above-the-looptop' solar hard X-ray source and the
plasma sheet in Earth's magnetotail), the spectra are typically soft ( 4). This is in contrast to the typically hard spectra ( 4) that are observed in coincidence with shocks. The difference
implies that shocks are more efficient in producing a larger non-thermal
fraction of electron energies when compared to magnetic reconnection. A caveat
is that during active times in Earth's magnetotail, values seem
spatially uniform in the plasma sheet, while power-law distributions still
exist even in quiet times. The role of magnetotail reconnection in the electron
power-law formation could therefore be confounded with these background
conditions. Because different regions have been studied with different
instrumentations and methodologies, we point out a need for more systematic and
coordinated studies of power-law distributions for a better understanding of
possible scaling laws in particle acceleration as well as their universality.Comment: 67 pages, 15 figures; submitted to Space Science Reviews; comments
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A Generalized Diffusion Tensor for Fully Anisotropic Diffusion of Energetic Particles in the Heliospheric Magnetic Field
The spatial diffusion of cosmic rays in turbulent magnetic fields can, in the
most general case, be fully anisotropic, i.e. one has to distinguish three
diffusion axes in a local, field-aligned frame. We reexamine the transformation
for the diffusion tensor from this local to a global frame, in which the Parker
transport equation for energetic particles is usually formulated and solved.
Particularly, we generalize the transformation formulas to allow for an
explicit choice of two principal local perpendicular diffusion axes. This
generalization includes the 'traditional' diffusion tensor in the special case
of isotropic perpendicular diffusion. For the local frame, we motivate the
choice of the Frenet-Serret trihedron which is related to the intrinsic
magnetic field geometry. We directly compare the old and the new tensor
elements for two heliospheric magnetic field configurations, namely the hybrid
Fisk and the Parker field. Subsequently, we examine the significance of the
different formulations for the diffusion tensor in a standard 3D model for the
modulation of galactic protons. For this we utilize a numerical code to
evaluate a system of stochastic differential equations equivalent to the Parker
transport equation and present the resulting modulated spectra. The computed
differential fluxes based on the new tensor formulation deviate from those
obtained with the 'traditional' one (only valid for isotropic perpendicular
diffusion) by up to 60% for energies below a few hundred MeV depending on
heliocentric distance.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted in Ap
Photoproduction of pi0-mesons from nuclei
Photoproduction of neutral pions from nuclei (carbon, calcium, niobium, lead)
has been studied for incident photon energies from 200 MeV to 800 MeV with the
TAPS detector using the Glasgow photon tagging spectrometer at the Mainz MAMI
accelerator. Data were obtained for the inclusive photoproduction of neutral
pions and the partial channels of quasifree single pi0, double pi0, and
pi0pi+/- photoproduction. They have been analyzed in terms of the in-medium
behavior of nucleon resonances and the pion - nucleus interaction. They are
compared to earlier measurements from the deuteron and to the predictions of a
Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) transport model for photon induced pion
production from nuclei.Comment: 15 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in EPJ
Non-locality and Medium Effects in the Exclusive Photoproduction of Eta Mesons on Nuclei
A relativistic model for the quasifree exclusive photoproduction of
mesons on nuclei is extended to include both non-local and medium effects. The
reaction is assumed to proceed via the dominant contribution of the
S(1535) resonance. The complicated integrals resulting from the
non-locality are simplified using a modified version of a method given by
Cooper and Maxwell. The non-locality effects are found to affect the magnitude
of the cross section. Some possibilities reflecting the effects of the medium
on the propagation and properties of the intermediate S resonance are
studied. The effects of allowing the S to interact with the medium via
mean field scalar and vector potentials are considered. Both broadening of
width and reduction in mass of the resonance lead to a suppression of the
calculated cross sections.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure
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