Characterization of immune response to neurofilament light in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

PMCID: PMC3856490This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.PMCID: PMC385649

The impact of roughness elements on sediment fluxes in coastal dunes and dune valleys: solving the puzzle for Spanjaards Duin

In 2009 a new dune area called Spanjaards Duin was constructed in front of the Delfland Coast. Spanjaards Duin was created as a compensation measure for the expected increase in nitrogen deposition from the expansion of the Rotterdam harbour (Maasvlakte 2). The predefined compensation goal is to reach 6 ha of moist dune slack vegetation and 10 ha of dry grey dune in 2033. This is pursued by creating favourable abiotic conditions for natural vegetation establishment (van der Meulen et al., 2014). Sediment fluxes affect establishment and growth of vegetation and shape the dune landscape. Therefore, there is need to know how sediment fluxes behave in Spanjaards Duin

Immune Phenotype and Function of Natural Killer and T Cells in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Who Received a Single Dose of Anti-MicroRNA-122, RG-101

MicroRNA‐122 is an important host factor for the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Treatment with RG‐101, an N‐acetylgalactosamine‐conjugated anti‐microRNA‐122 oligonucleotide, resulted in a significant viral load reduction in patients with chronic HCV infection. Here, we analyzed the effects of RG‐101 therapy on antiviral immunity. Thirty‐two chronic HCV patients infected with HCV genotypes 1, 3, and 4 received a single subcutaneous administration of RG‐101 at 2 mg/kg (n = 14) or 4 mg/kg (n = 14) or received a placebo (n = 2/dosing group). Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were collected at multiple time points, and comprehensive immunological analyses were performed. Following RG‐101 administration, HCV RNA declined in all patients (mean decline at week 2, 3.27 log10 IU/mL). At week 8 HCV RNA was undetectable in 15/28 patients. Plasma interferon‐γ‐induced protein 10 (IP‐10) levels declined significantly upon dosing with RG‐101. Furthermore, the frequency of natural killer (NK) cells increased, the proportion of NK cells expressing activating receptors normalized, and NK cell interferon‐γ production decreased after RG‐101 dosing. Functional HCV‐specific interferon‐γ T‐cell responses did not significantly change in patients who had undetectable HCV RNA levels by week 8 post–RG‐101 injection. No increase in the magnitude of HCV‐specific T‐cell responses was observed at later time points, including 3 patients who were HCV RNA–negative 76 weeks postdosing. Conclusion: Dosing with RG‐101 is associated with a restoration of NK‐cell proportions and a decrease of NK cells expressing activation receptors; however, the magnitude and functionality of ex vivo HCV‐specific T‐cell responses did not increase following RG‐101 injection, suggesting that NK cells, but not HCV adaptive immunity, may contribute to HCV viral control following RG‐101 therapy

Use of azacitidine and its safety and efficacy in daily clinical practice in The Netherlands:the OCEAN study

Contains fulltext : 229349.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access