The Determinants of Leverage. Differences between Quoted and Non Quoted Firms

The design of capital structure in quoted companies has received much attention in the academic literature. Using panel data from quoted as well as non quoted Belgian companies, this paper investigates not only the determinants of capital structure, but also the influence of a stock listing on the relationship between these determinants and leverage. Overall our empirical results are in line with previous studies and support mainly the Pecking Order theory. Also in line with the predictions of the Pecking Order theory, quoted companies are less levered, even when controlling for other determinants of capital structure. Furthermore we find that the determinants of capital structure differ to some extend between quoted and non quoted companies.

Effect of Cocoa Roasting on Chocolate Polyphenols Evolution

Cocoa and chocolate antioxidants might contribute to human health through, for instance, blood flow improvement or blood pressure and glycemia reduction, as well as cognitive function improvement. Unfortunately, polyphenol content is reduced during cocoa fermentation, drying, roasting and all the other phases involved in the chocolate production. Here, we investigated the evolution of the polyphenol content during all the different steps of chocolate production, with a special emphasis on roasting (3 different roasting cycles with 80, 100, and 130 °C as maximum temperature). Samples were followed throughout all processes by evaluating the total polyphenols content, the antioxidant power, the epicatechin content, and epicatechin mean degree of polymerization (phloroglucinol adducts method). Results showed a similar trend for total polyphenol content and antioxidant power with an unexpected bell-shaped curve: an increase followed by a decrease for the three different roasting temperatures. At the intermediate temperature (100 °C), the higher polyphenol content was found just after roasting. The epicatechin content had a trend similar to that of total polyphenol content but, interestingly, the mean degree of polymerization data had the opposite behavior with some deviation in the case of the highest temperature, probably due to epicatechin degradation. It seems likely that roasting can free epicatechin from oligomers, as a consequence of oligomers remodeling

Biodegradable composite porous poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffold supports mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and calcium phosphate deposition

In recent decades, tissue engineering strategies have been proposed for the treatment of musculoskeletal diseases and bone fractures to overcome the limitations of the traditional surgical approaches based on allografts and autografts. In this work we report the development of a composite porous poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide) scaffold suitable for bone regeneration. Scaffolds were produced by thermal sintering of porous microparticles. Next, in order to improve cell adhesion to the scaffold and subsequent proliferation, the scaffolds were coated with the osteoconductive biopolymers chitosan and sodium alginate, in a process that exploited electrostatic interactions between the positively charged biopolymers and the negatively charged PLGA scaffold. The resulting scaffolds were characterized in terms of porosity, degradation rate, mechanical properties, biocompatibility and suitability for bone regeneration. They were found to have an overall porosity of 3c85% and a degradation half time of 3c2\u2009weeks, considered suitable to support de novo bone matrix deposition from mesenchymal stem cells. Histology confirmed the ability of the scaffold to sustain adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell adhesion, infiltration, proliferation and osteo-differentiation. Histological staining of calcium and microanalysis confirmed the presence of calcium phosphate in the scaffold sections

The Formal Kharoṣṭhī script from the Northern Tarim Basin in Northwest China may write an Iranian language

Descriptive and Comparative Linguistic

Why do firms save cash from cash flows? Evidence from firm-level estimation of cash-cash flow sensitivities

We construct firm-level estimates for the cash flow sensitivity of cash (CCFS) by modelling heterogeneous slopes in reduced-form cash equations. This approach allows identifying firms with a high, low or even negative savings propensity. We find that high CCFS firms have higher income variation, suggesting cash buffering is triggered by income shocks. High CCFS firms do not suffer from financing constraints measured by a wide selection of indicators. Our results suggest that the CCFS is not an adequate indicator to capture financing constraints. Rather, a higher CCFS indicates smoothing of income fluctuations by installing a cash buffer that successfully prevents future income shortfall

Aerodynamic properties and pharmacokinetics of capreomycin oleate supergenerics

info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublishe

Development of a spray-drying method for the formulation of respirable microparticles containing ofloxacin-palladium complex

The purpose of this study was to produce low-releasing spray-dried polymeric microparticles (MP) useful to target alveolar macrophages in tuberculosis (TB) inhalation therapy.Ofloxacin (Ofx) was encapsulated as ofloxacin-palladium (Ofx-Pd) complex into poly dl-lactide (PLA) MP by spray-drying. Ofx-Pd was prepared according to a method previously reported. A D-optimal design was employed to optimize drug content (DC), aerodynamic diameter (d(ae)) and span. d(ae) was calculated coupling tap-density to particle size analysis. The MP were characterized by SEM, UV spectrophotometry, and DSC. In vitro drug release was performed in comparison to Ofx loaded PLA MP.The Ofx-Pd complex formed spontaneously with a 1:1 stoichiometry. Inlet temperature, drug loading and polymer concentration resulted the most influential. Optimal MP had span of 0.9, a round shape, d(ae) of 2.5 mu m, and DC of 30% (w/w). DSC and SEM analyses correlated with particle size. The optimized MP formulation showed a very low release at pH 7.4 compared to spray-dried Ofx loaded MP, the release increased slightly at lower pHs.Potentially inhalable MP were obtained by an optimized spray-drying process. The very low initial drug release at physiologic pH could be useful to target alveolar macrophages and to avoid systemic exposure. (c) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

Lipid nanoparticles for prolonged topical delivery: An in vitro and in vivo investigation

Dermal therapy is still a challenge due to the difficulties in controlling the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) fate within the skin. Recently, lipid nanoparticles have shown a great potential as vehicle for topical administration of active substances, principally owing to the possible targeting effect and controlled release in different skin strata. Ketoprofen and naproxen loaded lipid nanoparticles were prepared, using hot high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication techniques, and characterized by means of photo correlation spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. Nanoparticle behavior on human skin was assessed, in vitro, to determine drug percutaneous absorption (Franz cell method) and, in vivo, to establish the active localization (tape-stripping technique) and the controlled release abilities (UVB-induced erythema model). Results demonstrated that the particles were able to reduce drug penetration increasing, simultaneously, the permeation and the accumulation in the horny layer. A prolonged anti-inflammatory effect was observed in the case of drug loaded nanoparticles with respect to the drug solution. Direct as well as indirect evidences corroborate the early reports on the usefulness of lipid nanoparticles as carriers for topical administration, stimulating new and deeper investigations in the field. (c) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved

The influence of feedstock and process variables on the encapsulation of drug suspensions by spray-drying in fast drying regime: The case of novel antitubercular drug-palladium complex containing polymeric microparticles

The purpose of this study was to address the effect of feedstock properties and process variables on the characteristics of antitubercular drug-palladium (Pd) containing poly(lactic) acid (PLA) microparticles (MP) obtained by spray-drying of noncolloidal particle dispersions in fast drying regime. Two different systems were compared: capreomycin-Pd (C-Pd) and ofloxacin-Pd (Ofx-Pd) dispersions in acetonitrile PLA solution. Particle size, dynamic light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, SEM-energy dispersive X-ray, and spectrophotometric methods were used for MP characterization. C-Pd-loaded MP were optimized preliminarily by experimental design and compared with Ofx-Pd-loaded MP investigated in our previous work. Morphology of feedstock particles had a dominant role in determining MP morphology. The Charlesworth and Marshall theory was used to explain such behavior. The smaller and homogeneous C-Pd microparticulates favored MP inflation and buckling by forming a thick and nonporous shell. A percolation effect was proposed for the larger and irregular Ofx-Pd particles that produced smaller MP with a more porous shell. Increasing feedstock concentration led to higher particle loss. A tentative descriptive scheme of MP formation according to feedstock particle arrangement was proposed. This work suggested that spray-drying of drug dispersions should carefully consider the morphology of feedstock particles as a major parameter influencing final MP properties. (c) 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 103:1255-1268, 201