Bibliographies of reading source materials and a skills directory for teachers of reading

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston Universit

School-based management : conditions for implementation.

This study in the field of School-Based Management was initiated to determine under what conditions a School-Based Management/Shared Decision Making (SBM/SDM) Organization might be considered a viable alternative to a traditional (top-down) school structure. The primary focus of this study sought to discover the extent to which school principals and teachers can and should participate in making educational decisions within an urban school system. To ascertain this information, open-ended structured interviews were developed and conducted with five randomly selected principals. In addition, a close-ended questionnaire was designed and distributed to teachers. In order to ensure broad-based definitive conclusions, participants represented all four school zones and each educational level. Methodological limitations include a survey of two hundred and sixteen school-based teachers with a response rate of fifty-three percent. Findings identify six key elements to be considered when implementing a SBM/SDM structure. The six key elements are money, trust, training, accountability, participative decision making, and union involvement. Recommendations involving the implementation of School-Based Management are offered in addition to suggested future studies. Results of this study indicate that both principals and teachers have a strong desire to actively participate in budget, personnel, and curriculum decisions effecting their schools

Active Governance: the value added by community involvement in governance

This is the final version of the article. Available from the Joseph Rowntree Foundation via the URL in this record.Wider community engagement in governance is frequently argued, across the political parties, to be vital to improving public services and tackling the ‘democratic deficit’. Future Perspectives Co-operative Ltd has looked at participant experience of value added by community involvement in governance through Local Strategic Partnerships (LSPs). The benefits, costs and difficulties identified hold lessons for community engagement in other governance structures, particularly those also including professionals and multi-agency groups. [...]Joseph Rowntree Foundatio

Thermodynamics of tower-block infernos: effects of water on aluminum fires

We review the thermodynamics of combustion reactions involved in aluminum fires in the light of the spate of recent high-profile tower-block disasters, such as the Grenfell fire in London 2017, the Dubai fires between 2010 and 2016, and the fires and explosions that resulted in the 9/11 collapse of the World Trade Center twin towers in New York. These fires are class B, i.e., burning metallic materials, yet water was applied in all cases as an extinguisher. Here, we highlight the scientific thermochemical reasons why water should never be used on aluminum fires, not least because a mixture of aluminum and water is a highly exothermic fuel. When the plastic materials initially catch fire and burn with limited oxygen (O2 in air) to carbon (C), which is seen as an aerosol (black smoke) and black residue, the heat of the reaction melts the aluminum (Al) and increases its fluidity and volatility. Hence, this process also increases its reactivity, whence it rapidly reacts with the carbon product of polymer combustion to form aluminum carbide (Al4C3). The heat of formation of Al4Cl3 is so great that it becomes white-hot sparks that are similar to fireworks. At very high temperatures, both molten Al and Al4C3 aerosol react violently with water to give alumina fine dust aerosol (Al2O3) + hydrogen (H2) gas and methane (CH4) gas, respectively, with white smoke and residues. These highly inflammable gases, with low spontaneous combustion temperatures, instantaneously react with the oxygen in the air, accelerating the fire out of control. Adding water to an aluminum fire is similar to adding "rocket fuel" to the existing flames. A CO2-foam/powder extinguisher, as deployed in the aircraft industry against aluminum and plastic fires by smothering, is required to contain aluminum fires at an early stage. Automatic sprinkler extinguisher systems should not be installed in tower blocks that are at risk of aluminum fires.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Thermochemistry of Grenfell Tower fire disaster: catastrophic effects of water as an 'extinguisher' in aluminium conflagrations

We review the thermochemistry of combustion reactions involved in the Grenfell Tower fire that occurred during the early hours of 14thJune 2017. London Fire Brigade (LFB), having advised all the occupants to stay in their apartments, attempted to extinguish the fire with water. The Grenfell Tower 24-storey block had recently been re-clad with an insulationto meet energy saving targets.It comprised an aluminum exterior façade, and a polymer composite thermal insulator ‘sandwich filler’, mainly polyethylene, with narrow air gaps inbetween polymer and aluminium sheets.The renovated window frames were also made of aluminum coated with a powdered polyester. Here, we highlight the scientific thermochemical reasonswhy water should never be used on aluminum fires; not least because a mixture of aluminium and water is a NASA rocket fuel! When the plastic insulation initially catches fire and burns with limited oxygen (O2 in air) to carbon(C), seen as an aerosol (black smoke) and black residue, the heat of reaction melts the aluminum(Al)and increases its fluidity and volatility, hence also its reactivity,whence it rapidly reacts with the carbon product of polymer combustion to form aluminum carbide (Al4C3). The heat of formation of Al4Cl3 is so great that it becomes white hot sparks like fireworks. At very high temperatures, both molten Al and Al4C3 aerosol react violently with water to give alumina fine dust aerosol(Al2O3)+ hydrogen (H2) gas and methane (CH4) gas, respectively, with white smoke and residues. These highly inflammable gases, with low spontaneous combustion temperatures, instantaneously react with the oxygen in air accelerating the fire out of control. Adding water to an aluminum fire is like adding “rocketfuel” to the existing flames. The timeline of events and photographic evidence corroborates this scientific explanation why a 4th-floor kitchen-appliance fire became a major tower-block inferno within 12minutes of applying water as a would-be extinguisher. A CO2-foam/powderextinguisher, as deployed in the aircraft industry against aluminum+plastic fires by smothering, might have contained the fire in its early stages. Thermochemistry of Grenfell Tower Fire Disasterinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Method of Reducing Internal Stress in Materials

Methods are provided for adjusting and controlling the stress between layers of material in a multilayer structure. A first stress is configured in a region of stress on the substrate material. A second material is then deposited over the substrate. A second stress results between the substrate and the second material such that a net stress results where the net stress is a function of said first and second stresses. As such, the first stress can be configured to achieve a predetermined, desired net stress. For example, the first stress can be configured to cancel out the second stress such that the net stress is substantially zero