5,741 research outputs found
Kinetic energy choice in Hamiltonian/hybrid Monte Carlo
We consider how different choices of kinetic energy in Hamiltonian Monte
Carlo affect algorithm performance. To this end, we introduce two quantities
which can be easily evaluated, the composite gradient and the implicit noise.
Results are established on integrator stability and geometric convergence, and
we show that choices of kinetic energy that result in heavy-tailed momentum
distributions can exhibit an undesirable negligible moves property, which we
define. A general efficiency-robustness trade off is outlined, and
implementations which rely on approximate gradients are also discussed. Two
numerical studies illustrate our theoretical findings, showing that the
standard choice which results in a Gaussian momentum distribution is not always
optimal in terms of either robustness or efficiency.Comment: 15 pages (+7 page supplement, included here as an appendix), 2
figures (+1 in supplement
An electric-field representation of the harmonic XY model
The two-dimensional harmonic XY (HXY) model is a spin model in which the
classical spins interact via a piecewise parabolic potential. We argue that the
HXY model should be regarded as the canonical classical lattice spin model of
phase fluctuations in two-dimensional condensates, as it is the simplest model
that guarantees the modular symmetry of the experimental systems. Here we
formulate a lattice electric-field representation of the HXY model and contrast
this with an analogous representation of the Villain model and the
two-dimensional Coulomb gas with a purely rotational auxiliary field. We find
that the HXY model is a spin-model analogue of a lattice electric-field model
of the Coulomb gas with an auxiliary field, but with a temperature-dependent
vacuum (electric) permittivity that encodes the coupling of the spin vortices
to their background spin-wave medium. The spin vortices map to the Coulomb
charges, while the spin-wave fluctuations correspond to auxiliary-field
fluctuations. The coupling explains the striking differences in the
high-temperature asymptotes of the specific heats of the HXY model and the
Coulomb gas with an auxiliary field. Our results elucidate the propagation of
effective long-range interactions throughout the HXY model (whose interactions
are purely local) by the lattice electric fields. They also imply that global
spin-twist excitations (topological-sector fluctuations) generated by local
spin dynamics are ergodically excluded in the low-temperature phase. We discuss
the relevance of these results to condensate physics.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figure
Topological-sector fluctuations and ergodicity breaking at the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition
The Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase transition drives the
unbinding of topological defects in many two-dimensional systems. In the
two-dimensional Coulomb gas, it corresponds to an insulator-conductor
transition driven by charge deconfinement. We investigate the global
topological properties of this transition, both analytically and by numerical
simulation, using a lattice-field description of the two-dimensional Coulomb
gas on a torus. The BKT transition is shown to be an ergodicity breaking
between the topological sectors of the electric field, which implies a
definition of topological order in terms of broken ergodicity. The breakdown of
local topological order at the BKT transition leads to the excitation of global
topological defects in the electric field, corresponding to different
topological sectors. The quantized nature of these classical excitations, and
their strict suppression by ergodicity breaking in the low-temperature phase,
afford striking global signatures of topological-sector fluctuations at the BKT
transition. We discuss how these signatures could be detected in experiments
on, for example, magnetic films and cold-atom systems.Comment: 11 pages, 6 figure
Phase order in superfluid helium films
Classic experimental data on helium films are transformed to estimate a
finite-size phase order parameter that measures the thermal degradation of the
condensate fraction in the two-dimensional superfluid. The order parameter is
found to evolve thermally with the exponent , a
characteristic, in analogous magnetic systems, of the
Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless (BKT) phase transition. Universal scaling near
the BKT fixed point generates a collapse of experimental data on helium and
ferromagnetic films, and implies new experiments and theoretical protocols to
explore the phase order. These results give a striking example of experimental
finite-size scaling in a critical system that is broadly relevant to
two-dimensional Bose fluids.Comment: 6 pages, 2 figure
Functional Connectivity of the Raphe Nuclei: Link to Tobacco Withdrawal in Smokers.
BackgroundAlthough nicotine alters serotonergic neurochemistry, clinical trials of serotonergic medications for smoking cessation have provided mixed results. Understanding the role of serotonergic dysfunction in tobacco use disorder may advance development of novel pharmacotherapies.MethodsFunctional magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure resting-state functional connectivity of the raphe nuclei as an indicator of serotonergic function. Connectivity of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei was compared between 18 young smokers (briefly abstinent, ~40 minutes post-smoking) and 19 young nonsmokers (16-21 years old); connectivity was also examined in a separate sample of overnight-abstinent smokers (18-25 years old), before and after smoking the first cigarette of the day. Relationships between connectivity of the raphe nuclei with psychological withdrawal and craving were tested in smokers.ResultsConnectivity of the median raphe nucleus with the right hippocampal complex was weaker in smokers than in nonsmokers and was negatively correlated with psychological withdrawal in smokers. In overnight-abstinent smokers, smoking increased connectivity of the median raphe nucleus with the right hippocampal complex, and the increase was positively correlated with the decrease in psychological withdrawal.ConclusionsRelief of withdrawal due to smoking is potentially linked to the serotonergic pathway that includes the median raphe nucleus and hippocampal complex. These results suggest that serotonergic medications may be especially beneficial for smokers who endorse strong psychological withdrawal during abstinence from smoking
Minimal-Time Ship Routing
A recently theory of minimal-time ship routing through time-dependent ocean wave height and direction fields is put to a numerical test by using a series of semidaily analyses furnished by the U.S. Navy Fleet Numerical Weather Facility. The interpolations and integrations required are found to be feasible. A resume of the theory is given.http://archive.org/details/minimaltimeshipr00bleiN
Constraining f(R) Gravity as a Scalar Tensor Theory
We search for viable f(R) theories of gravity, making use of the equivalence
between such theories and scalar-tensor gravity. We find that models can be
made consistent with solar system constraints either by giving the scalar a
high mass or by exploiting the so-called chameleon effect. However, in both
cases, it appears likely that any late-time cosmic acceleration will be
observationally indistinguishable from acceleration caused by a cosmological
constant. We also explore further observational constraints from, e.g., big
bang nucleosynthesis and inflation.Comment: 15 pages, 5 figure
Deformation monitoring of a simply supported railway bridge under varying dynamic loads
This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from IABMAS via the link in this recordStructural health monitoring is a useful tool for evaluating the condition of bridges, with permanent systems installed on bridges which form vital links on the major transport network. The economic cost of
the monitoring systems limits their installation on smaller bridges which make up the wider transport network.
A short-term monitoring system can be quickly installed and adjusted to suit the requirements of individual
bridges. These systems are ideal for rural regions with a high number of single span bridges on isolated road
and rail networks. This report will review a single span bridge on a private heritage railway under loading from
passing steam engines, including the Flying Scotsman. Acceleration data are used to determine the rotations
and deflections of the bridge deck. To verify the data, deflection measurements at mid-span were recorded using
a video-based measurement system. The deflection measurements from the accelerometers correlate with the
video imagery measurements
Persistent Current of Free Electrons in the Plane
Predictions of Akkermans et al. are essentially changed when the Krein
spectral displacement operator is regularized by means of zeta function.
Instead of piecewise constant persistent current of free electrons on the plane
one has a current which varies linearly with the flux and is antisymmetric with
regard to all time preserving values of including . Different
self-adjoint extensions of the problem and role of the resonance are discussed.Comment: (Comment on "Relation between Persistent Currents and the Scattering
Matrix", Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 66}, 76 (1991)) plain latex, 4pp., IPNO/TH
94-2
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