69 research outputs found
Growing up in the Iran-Iraq war and preferences for strong defense
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between individualsâ experiences of the IranâIraq war (1980â1988) during early adulthood (18â25 years) and their preference for strong national defense forces and their willingness to fight for Iran (in the event of another war). Using the World Values Survey data, we provide evidence that Iranians who experienced the war during their early adulthood give top priority to strong defense forces. However, we find that there is no significant association between individualsâ experiences of the war during early adulthood and their willingness to fight for Iran. The results are robust to controlling for a set of individualsâ socioeconomic and political characteristics as well as different age cohorts. Finally, we show that our results are not influenced by age cohort effect
Globalization and the outbreak of COVID-19 : an empirical analysis
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the extension of globalization and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) case fatality rate (CFR) calculated on 28 July 2020 in more than 150 countries. Our regression analyses show that countries with higher levels of socio-economic globalization are exposed to higher levels of CFR. The positive association between the level of globalization of countries and their COVID-19 fatality rate remains robust, controlling for cross-country differences in economic development and demographics, health care costs, health care capacity, quality of governance and continental dummies
Political Institutions and Government Spending Behavior: Theory and Evidence from Iran
Comparison of non-invasive to invasive oxygenation ratios for diagnosing acute respiratory distress syndrome following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a prospective derivation-validation cohort study
Objective: To determine if non-invasive oxygenation indices, namely peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2)/
fraction of inspired oxygen (Fi
O2) and partial pressure of alveolar oxygen (PAO2)/Fi
O2 may be used as effective
surrogates for the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2)/Fi
O2. Also, to determine the SpO2/Fi
O2 and PAO2/Fi
O2
values that correspond to PaO2/Fi
O2 thresholds for identifying acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in
patients following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.
Methods: A prospective derivation-validation cohort study in the Open-Heart ICU of an academic teaching hospital.
Recorded variables included patient demographics, ventilator settings, chest radiograph results, and SPO2, PaO2,
PAO2, SaO2, and Fi
O2. Linear regression modeling was used to quantify the relationship between indices. Receiver
operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the threshold values.
Results: One-hundred seventy-five patients were enrolled in the derivation cohort, and 358 in the validation
cohort. The SPO2/Fi
O2 and PAO2/Fi
O2 ratios could be predicted well from PaO2/Fi
O2, described by the linear
regression models SPO2/Fi
O2 = 71.149 + 0.8PF and PAO2/Fi
O2 = 38.098 + 2.312PF, respectively. According to the linear
regression equation, a PaO2/Fi
O2 ratio of 300 equaled an SPO2/Fi
O2 ratio of 311 (R2 0.857, F 1035.742, < 0.0001) and
a PAO2/Fi
O2 ratio of 732 (R2 0.576, F 234.887, < 0.0001). The SPO2/Fi
O2 threshold of 311 had 90% sensitivity, 80%
specificity, LR+ 4.50, LR- 0.13, PPV 98, and NPV 42.1 for the diagnosis of mild ARDS. The PAO2/Fi
O2 threshold of 732
had 86% sensitivity, 90% specificity, LR+ 8.45, LR- 0.16, PPV 98.9, and NPV 36 for the diagnosis of mild ARDS. SPO2/
Fi
O2 had excellent discrimination ability for mild ARDS (AUC ñ SE = 0.92 ñ 0.017; 95% CI 0.889 to 0.947) as did PAO2/
Fi
O2 (AUC ñ SE = 0.915 ñ 0.018; 95% CI 0.881 to0.942). Conclusions: PaO2 and SaO2 correlated in the diagnosis of ARDS, with a PaO2/Fi
O2 of 300 correlating to an SPO2/
Fi
O2 of 311 (Sensitivity 90%, Specificity 80%). The SPO2/ Fi
O2 ratio may allow for early real-time rapid identification of
ARDS, while decreasing the cost, phlebotomy, blood loss, pain, skin breaks, and vascular punctures associated with
serial arterial blood gas measurements
Political institutions and government spending behavior: theory and evidence from Iran
International Consensus Statement on Rhinology and Allergy: Rhinosinusitis
Background: The 5 years since the publication of the first International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Rhinosinusitis (ICARâRS) has witnessed foundational progress in our understanding and treatment of rhinologic disease. These advances are reflected within the more than 40 new topics covered within the ICARâRSâ2021 as well as updates to the original 140 topics. This executive summary consolidates the evidenceâbased findings of the document. Methods: ICARâRS presents over 180 topics in the forms of evidenceâbased reviews with recommendations (EBRRs), evidenceâbased reviews, and literature reviews. The highest grade structured recommendations of the EBRR sections are summarized in this executive summary. Results: ICARâRSâ2021 covers 22 topics regarding the medical management of RS, which are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Additionally, 4 topics regarding the surgical management of RS are grade A/B and are presented in the executive summary. Finally, a comprehensive evidenceâbased management algorithm is provided. Conclusion: This ICARâRSâ2021 executive summary provides a compilation of the evidenceâbased recommendations for medical and surgical treatment of the most common forms of RS
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