The Minimal Length of a Lagrangian Cobordism between Legendrians

To investigate the rigidity and flexibility of Lagrangian cobordisms between Legendrian submanifolds, we investigate the minimal length of such a cobordism, which is a $1$-dimensional measurement of the non-cylindrical portion of the cobordism. Our primary tool is a set of real-valued capacities for a Legendrian submanifold, which are derived from a filtered version of Legendrian Contact Homology. Relationships between capacities of Legendrians at the ends of a Lagrangian cobordism yield lower bounds on the length of the cobordism. We apply the capacities to Lagrangian cobordisms realizing vertical dilations (which may be arbitrarily short) and contractions (whose lengths are bounded below). We also study the interaction between length and the linking of multiple cobordisms as well as the lengths of cobordisms derived from non-trivial loops of Legendrian isotopies.Comment: 33 pages, 9 figures. v2: Minor corrections in response to referee comments. More general statement in Proposition 3.3 and some reorganization at the end of Section

The dynamics of hydraulic fracture water confined in nano-pores in shale reservoirs

Hydraulic fracturing treatments and horizontal well technology are central to the success of unconventional oil and gas development. In spite of this success, replicated over several thousand wells over diverse shale plays, hydraulic fracturing for shale wells remains poorly understood. This includes the poor recovery of hydraulic fracture water, the inability to explain the progressive increases in produced water salinity and an incomplete understanding of the potential trapping mechanisms for hydraulic fracture water. In this work, we focus on describing the distribution of saline water in organic and inorganic pores as a function of pore size and pore morphology with the purpose of providing fundamental insights into above questions. A kerogen model is constructed by mimicking the maturation process in a molecular dynamics simulator and it incorporates structural features observed in SEM images including the surface roughness, tortuous paths, material disorder and imperfect pore openings of kerogen pores. This work also extends this kerogen model through the use of oxygenated functional groups to study fluid behavior in partially mature shales associated with non-zero oxygen to carbon ratios. Our results demonstrate that water entrapment mechanism and the distribution of water and ions in organic and inorganic pores are strongly related to the pore-surface mineralogy and pore width. The work in this paper also underscores the importance of kerogen thermal maturity and pore roughness on the accessibility of the kerogen material to water

İş hukukunda uzman arabuluculuk

Alternatif uyuşmazlık çözüm yollarından biri olan arabuluculuk, esasında öteden beri var olan, özünde uzlaşma kültürünü barındıran ve geçmişimizde de uygulanan bir sistemdir. Ahilik teşkilatı 800 yıl öncesinden başlamak üzere esnaflarımız arasında barışa katkı sağla-mıştır. Ülkemizde ise 2013 yılında ihtiyari olarak uygulanmaya başlanan ve uyuşmazlıkla-rın daha az masrafla ve daha hızlı sürede çözümlenmesini sağlayan bir alternatif uyuşmazlık yöntemi olan arabuluculuğun son yıllarda farkındalığı artmış ve kullanımı yaygınlaşmıştır. 2018 yılında öncelikle iş uyuşmazlıklarında, 2019 yılında ticari uyuşmazlıklarda ve son olarak 2020 yılında tüketici uyuşmazlıklarında dava şartı sisteminin getirilmesi ile birlikte, uyuşmazlıkların taraf iradelerine uygun olarak, kazan-kazan esasına dayalı bir biçimde çö-zülmesi ve mahkemelerdeki dosya yükünün azaltılmasının yanı sıra arabuluculuğun vatan-daşlarımız ve iş dünyası nezdinde benimsenmesi sağlanarak ülkemizde uzlaşı kültürünün oluşturulmasına da önemli ölçüde katkı sunulmuştur. Öte yandan; hukuk sistemimizde dava şartı arabuluculuk sisteminin yaygınlaştırılması, uyuşmazlıkların türüne göre ilgili alanlarda uzman arabulucular desteğiyle çözümlenmesini gerekli kılmıştır. Arabuluculuk uygulamasında bir karar mercii olmamakla birlikte arabulu-cunun görev aldığı uyuşmazlık alanında uzmanlığa sahip olması, taraflar bakımından olduğu kadar arabulucunun kendisi bakımından da faydalı olacak, özellikle tarafların tıkandığı nok-tada olumlu ve yapıcı bir çözüm önerisi geliştirmesine ve arabuluculuk sürecinin anlaşma ile sonuçlanmasına yardımcı olacaktır. Bu amaçla; öncelikle iş hukukunda uzman arabulucu uygulamasına geçilmiş, iş uyuşmaz-lıklarında görev alabilmek için söz konusu alanda gerekli eğitimleri almak arabulucular için ön şart haline getirilmiştir

Safety and Efficacy of the FRED Jr Flow Re-Direction Endoluminal Device for Intracranial Aneurysms: Retrospective Multicenter Experience With Emphasis on Midterm Results

Background and Purpose: Flow diversion is increasingly used as an endovascular treatment for intracranial aneurysms. In this retrospective multicenter study, we analyzed the safety and efficacy of the treatment of intracranial, unruptured, or previously treated but recanalized aneurysms using Flow Re-Direction Endoluminal Device (FRED) Jr with emphasis on midterm results. Materials and Methods: Clinical and radiological records of 150 patients harboring 159 aneurysms treated with FRED Jr at six centers between October 2014 and February 2020 were reviewed and consecutively included. Clinical outcome was measured by using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Anatomical results were assessed according to the O’Kelly-Marotta (OKM) scale and the Cekirge-Saatci Classification (CSC) scale. Results: The overall complication rate was 24/159 (16%). Thrombotic-ischemic events occurred in 18/159 treatments (11%). These resulted in long-term neurological sequelae in two patients (1%) with worsening from pre-treatment mRS 0–2 and mRS 4 after treatment. Complete or near-complete occlusion of the treated aneurysm according to the OKM scale was reached in 54% (85/158) at 6-month, in 68% (90/133) at 1-year, and in 83% (77/93) at 2-year follow-up, respectively. The rates of narrowing or occlusion of a vessel branch originating from the treated aneurysm according to the CSC scale were 11% (12/108) at 6-month, 20% (17/87) at 1-year, and 23% (13/57) at 2-year follow-up, respectively, with all cases being asymptomatic. Conclusions: In this retrospective multicenter study, FRED Jr was safe and effective in the midterm occlusion of cerebral aneurysms. Most importantly, it was associated with a high rate of good clinical outcome

Diffusion of Chemically Reacting Fluids through Nonlinear Elastic Solids and 1D Stabilized Solutions

This paper summarizes a 1D adaptation (Hall et al., Math Mech Solids, 2014) of the reactive fluid–solid mixture theory of Hall and Rajagopal (Math Mech Solids 17(2):131–164, 2012), which considers an anisotropic viscous fluid diffusing and chemically reacting with an anisotropic elastic solid. The present implementation introduces a stabilized mixed finite element method for advection–diffusion–reaction phenomena, which is applied to 1D isothermal problems involving Fickian diffusion, oxidation of PMR-15 polyimide resin, and slurry infiltration. The energy and entropy production relations are captured via a Lagrange multiplier that results from imposing the constraint of maximum rate of entropy production, reducing the primary PDEs to the balance equations of mass and linear momentum for the fluid and the solid, together with an equation for the Lagrange multiplier. The Fickian diffusion application considers a hyperbolic first order system with a boundary discontinuity and stable approach to the usual parabolic model. Results of the oxidation modeling of Tandon et al. (Polym Degrad Stab 91(8):1861–1869, 2006) are recovered by employing the reaction kinetics model and properties assumed there, while providing in addition the individual constituent kinematic and kinetic behaviors, thus adding rich interpretive detail in comparison to the original treatment (Tandon et al., Polym Degrad Stab 91 (8):1861–1869, 2006); two adjustable parameters describing coupled chemomechanical and purely chemical dissipation are added. The slurry infiltration application simulates the imposed mass deposition process and consequent effects on the kinematic and kinetic behaviors of the constituents.Ope

Meeting the Challenges Facing Wheat Production The Strategic Research Agenda of the Global Wheat Initiative

Wheat occupies a special role in global food security since, in addition to providing 20% of our carbohydrates and protein, almost 25% of the global production is traded internationally. The importance of wheat for food security was recognised by the Chief Agricultural Scientists of the G20 group of countries when they endorsed the establishment of the Wheat Initiative in 2011. The Wheat Initiative was tasked with supporting the wheat research community by facilitating col-laboration, information and resource sharing and helping to build the capacity to address chal-lenges facing production in an increasingly variable environment. Many countries invest in wheat research. Innovations in wheat breeding and agronomy have delivered enormous gains over the past few decades, with the average global yield increasing from just over 1 tonne per hectare in the early 1960s to around 3.5 tonnes in the past decade. These gains are threatened by climate change, the rapidly rising financial and environmental costs of fertilizer, and pesticides, combined with declines in water availability for irrigation in many regions. The international wheat research community has worked to identify major opportunities to help ensure that global wheat pro-duction can meet demand. The outcomes of these discussions are presented in this paper

Congenital Diarrhea and Cholestatic Liver Disease: Phenotypic Spectrum Associated with MYO5B Mutations

Myosin Vb (MYO5B) is a motor protein that facilitates protein trafficking and recycling in polarized cells by RAB11- and RAB8-dependent mechanisms. Biallelic MYO5B mutations are identified in the majority of patients with microvillus inclusion disease (MVID). MVID is an intractable diarrhea of infantile onset with characteristic histopathologic findings that requires life-long parenteral nutrition or intestinal transplantation. A large number of such patients eventually develop cholestatic liver disease. Bi-allelic MYO5B mutations are also identified in a subset of patients with predominant early-onset cholestatic liver disease. We present here the compilation of 114 patients with disease-causing MYO5B genotypes, including 44 novel patients as well as 35 novel MYO5B mutations, and an analysis of MYO5B mutations with regard to functional consequences. Our data support the concept that (1) a complete lack of MYO5B protein or early MYO5B truncation causes predominant intestinal disease (MYO5B-MVID), (2) the expression of full-length mutant MYO5B proteins with residual function causes predominant cholestatic liver disease (MYO5B-PFIC), and (3) the expression of mutant MYO5B proteins without residual function causes both intestinal and hepatic disease (MYO5B-MIXED). Genotype-phenotype data are deposited in the existing open MYO5B database in order to improve disease diagnosis, prognosis, and genetic counseling.This research was funded by Jubiläumsfonds der Österreichischen Nationalbank, grant no.16678 (to A.R.J.), grant no. 18019 (to G.-F.V.) and Tiroler Wissenschaftsfonds, grant No. 0404/2386 (toG.-F.V.).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio