Collective Social Responsibility: An extended three-dimensional model of Corporate Social Responsibility for contemporary society

The Collective Social Responsibility model (CSRm) arises as a response to questioning the current vision of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). After analysing several authors and sources, this research proposes a vision that is more in line with reality and events in contemporary society and can contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG). The study had three main objectives: (i) to propose a theoretical model to expand the concepts associated with CSR, (ii) to explain the proposed model and its implications for companies, society, and the environment, and, finally, (iii) to establish the relationship between the proposed model and the SDG promoted by the UN. This study used a qualitative methodology based on documentary review and inferential and deductive reasoning. The Collective Social Responsibility model (CSRm) proposed here is an expanded and updated version of CSR, observed from a three-dimensional perspective. The proposed model seeks to transform not only the impact that organizations and businesses have on society, but also the way in which governments, companies, groups, and individuals complement each other in relation to this field

La Autoría y Participación de los Sujetos Intervinientes en el Delito de Peculado

Esta investigación, tiene como objeto de estudio la intervención de sujetos en un delito en específico, del delito de peculado, el cual está regulado en nuestro Código Penal, a partir del artículo 325, siendo este objeto de estudio el eje transversal, sobre el cual se basara toda la investigación, para ello, resulto de vital importancia estudiar las figuras de la autoría, participación y peculado, conociendo de cada uno de estos sus antecedentes históricos generales y el desarrollo que estas figuras, a través del tiempo han tenido en los diferentes Códigos que la legislación penal ha tenido vigente desde 1826 hasta 1998. Respecto al tema de Autoría y participación, se obtuvo como resultado, lo que la doctrina y sus grandes expositores como Mir Puig, Claus Roxin, Edgardo Alberto Donna, entre otros más, han venido defendiendo a través de los años, logrando comparar dichas teorías con lo que en la realidad jurídica penal acontece. En lo concerniente al delito de peculado, fue necesario utilizar el método deductivo partiendo de lo general hasta llegar a lo particular, es decir, se inició desde el estudio de los delitos especiales, estableciendo sus características y clasificación, para ubicar así, al delito de peculado entre los delitos especiales propios. Teniendo todo ello necesario se plasma un análisis jurídico dogmático de los sujetos conocidos como intraneus y extraneus, que resultan ser los intervinientes en los delitos especiales y en el delito en específico de peculado, logrando medir el grado de autoría y participación y la responsabilidad de los mismos

Evaluación de cultivares amarillos de maíz (Zea Mays L.) para tolerancia al achaparramiento del maíz.

Ocho cu]tivarcs de maíz amarillo del Proyecto de Achaparramiento de Maíz, fueron evaluados en cinco ambientes de Centroamérica y el Caribe. Los objetivos específicos eran evaluar su grado de tolerancia al achaparramiento, cuantificar el progreso logrado a través de selección y detectar la población amarilla más promisoria. 'CESDA-88,' población obtenida por el Programa de Maíz y Sorgo del CESDA, fue la variedad con menor porcentaje de achaparramiento (15.6%) y obtuvo buen rendimiento. Ganancias por selección fue obtenida en la población 36 sólo en una localidad. El análisis de regresión mostró que el rendimiento no fue afectado significativamente por el porcentaje de achaparramiento. Por los resultados obtenidos de este estudio nuestro proyecto ha decidido aumentar sus esfuerzos en la población 'CESDA-88.

Coincident frequencies and relative phases among brain activity and hormonal signals

BACKGROUND: Fourier transform is a basic tool for analyzing biological signals and is computed for a finite sequence of data sample. The electroencephalographic (EEG) signals analyzed with this method provide only information based on the frequency range, for short periods. In some cases, for long periods it can be useful to know whether EEG signals coincide or have a relative phase between them or with other biological signals. Some studies have evidenced that sex hormones and EEG signals show oscillations in their frequencies across a period of 28 days; so it seems of relevance to seek after possible patterns relating EEG signals and endogenous sex hormones, assumed as long time-periodic functions to determine their typical periods, frequencies and relative phases. METHODS: In this work we propose a method that can be used to analyze brain signals and hormonal levels and obtain frequencies and relative phases among them. This method involves the application of a discrete Fourier Transform on previously reported datasets of absolute power of brain signals delta, theta, alpha1, alpha2, beta1 and beta2 and the endogenous estrogen and progesterone levels along 28 days. RESULTS: Applying the proposed method to exemplary datasets and comparing each brain signal with both sex hormones signals, we found a characteristic profile of coincident periods and typical relative phases. For the corresponding coincident periods the progesterone seems to be essentially in phase with theta, alpha1, alpha2 and beta1, while delta and beta2 go oppositely. For the relevant coincident periods, the estrogen goes in phase with delta and theta and goes oppositely with alpha2. CONCLUSION: Findings suggest that the procedure applied here provides a method to analyze typical frequencies, or periods and phases between signals with the same period. It generates specific patterns for brain signals and hormones and relations among them

Debate sobre la Ley Federal del Trabajo

Se recuerda con preocupación la forma como la política laboral instrumentada en el sexenio de Carlos Salinas impuso "soluciones" a cada uno de los conflictos obrero patronales, soluciones adoptadas al margen y por sobre la normatividad laboral de esos días. Se abre boca a la discusión sin pensar que los avances tengan alguna significación, ya que muy pronto se llegó a ciertas conclusiones colectivas, de definición y proposición de temáticas tales como la libertad sindical, las condiciones de trabajo y la efectividad de las nuevas normas. Estas propuestas y reflexiones hechas en un contexto en el que la productividad en el trabajo y la capacitación para su realización, son preocupaciones de los trabajadores y sus sindicatos, en que la búsqueda de una salida a la crisis económica que padecemos puede ser encontrada sin mayores sacrificios que los que ya padece la clase trabajadora y en función a un interés nacional y popular

Escala de estrés percibido en estudiantes de odontología, enfermería y psicología: validez de constructo

El presente documento tiene como objetivo demostrar la confiabilidad y validez de constructo de la Escala de Estrés Percibido de Cohen, Kamarak, y Mermelstein en una muestra de 537 estudiantes de las licenciaturas deodontología, enfermería y psicología, en Baja California,México. La Escala de Estrés Percibido fue diseñada paramedir el grado en que las situaciones de la vida se valoran como estresantes, y está formado por 14 ítems distribuidos en dos factores. Los Resultados: en cuanto a la confiabilidad y validez de constructo de la Escala de Estrés Percibido, se presentó un adecuado nivel de confiabilidad (α=.86), y el modelo de medida presentó un ajuste adecuado: GFI=.91, RMSEA=.056, NFI=.97, CFI=.98, IFI=.98. Conclusiones: Los puntajes de la escala de estrés percibido son válidos y confiables en la muestra estudiada. Sería conveniente replicar la aplicación de este instrumento con otros participantes en diferentes latitudes de México que corroboren la validez y confiabilidad obtenidas

Methodology to address radioprotection and safety issues in the IFMIF/EVEDA accelerator prototype

In the IFMIF/EVEDA accelerator prototype, deuterons (with energies up to 9 MeV) interact with the materials of the accelerator components due to beam losses and in the beam dump, where the beam is stopped. The productions of neutrons/photons together with radioactive inventories due to deuteron-induced reactions are some major issues for radioprotection and safety assessment. Here, we will focus on the proposal of a computational approach able to simulate deuteron transport and evaluate deuteron interactions and production of secondary particles with acceptable precision. Current Monte Carlo codes, such as MCNPX or PHITS, when applied for deuteron transport calculation, use built-in semi-analytical models to describe deuteron interactions. These models are found unreliable in predicting neutron and photon generated by low energy deuterons, typically present in the IFMIF/EVEDA prototype accelerator. In this context, a new computational methodological approach is proposed based on the use of an extended version of current MC codes capable to use evaluated deuteron libraries for neutron (and gamma) production. The TALYS nuclear reaction code is found to be an interesting potential candidate to produce the evaluated data for double-differential neutron and photon emission cross sections for incident deuterons in the energy range of interest for IFMIF/EVEDA applications. The recently-released deuteron Talys-based Evaluated Nuclear Data Library, TENDL-2009, is considered a good starting point in the road to achieve deuteron data files of enough quality for deuteron transport problems in EVEDA. Unfortunately, current Monte Carlo transport codes are not able to handle light ion libraries except for protons. To overcome this drawback the MCNPX code has been extended to handle deuteron (also triton, helion and alpha) nuclear data libraries. In this new extended MCNPX version called MCUNED, a new variance reduction technique has also been implemented for the production of secondary particles induced by light ions nuclear reactions, which allow reducing drastically the computing time needed in transport and nuclear response function calculations. Verification of these new capabilities for Monte 2 Carlo simulation of deuteron transport and secondary products generation included in MCUNED is successfully achieved. The existence of the MCUNED code allows us for the first time testing the deuteron crosssection TENDL package by simulation of integral experiments. Some preliminary efforts are addressed to compare existing experimental data on thick target neutron yields for Copper with those computed by the MCUNED code using TENDL cross sections

Deuteron cross section evaluation for safety and radioprotection calculations of IFMIF/EVEDA accelerator prototype

under construction in Japan. Interaction of these deuterons with matter will generate high levels of neutrons and induced activation, whose predicted yields depend strongly on the models used to calculate the different cross sections. A benchmark test was performed to validate these data for deuteron energies up to 20 MeV and to define a reasonable methodology for calculating the cross sections needed for EVEDA. Calculations were performed using the nuclear models included in MCNPX and PHITS, and the dedicated nuclear model code TALYS. Although the results obtained using TALYS (global parameters) or Monte Carlo codes disagree with experimental values, a solution is proposed to compute cross sections that are a good fit to experimental data. A consistent computational procedure is also suggested to improve both transport simulations/prompt dose and activation/residual dose calculations required for EVEDA

Apoyo social del profesorado factor protector contra el estrés en estudiantes durante el servicio social

Objective. To evaluate the social support of the faculty perceived by nursing students during their professional social service. Method. Observational, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational, analytical study. Sample made up of 100% of the study population, 63 students. Instrument: questionnaire on the content of Karasek's work. For the descriptive analysis, the mean and standard deviation of the numerical variables social support, work control, psychological demands and work stress were calculated; bivariate correlation was carried out using the Pearson technique; the analysis of the structural equation model was performed using the maximum likelihood method. Results. On average, high levels of social support, high levels of job control, moderate levels of psychological demands and moderate levels of job stress were recorded. The bivariate correlation shows that the higher the social support of the teaching staff, the lower the job stress of nursing students during their social service. In the structural equations model, the relationship between social support and job control was analyzed, the model fit indices were acceptable. conclusions. The study hypothesis established by the conceptual model was accepted: the social support of the teaching staff is an antecedent factor to the job control of nursing students who perform social service, a variable with positive valence of the Robert Karasek work content questionnaire.Objetivo. Evaluar el apoyo social del profesorado percibido por estudiantes de enfermería durante su servicio social profesional. Método. Estudio observacional, trasversal, descriptivo, correlacional, analítico. Muestra constituida por el 100% de la población en estudio, 63 estudiantes. Instrumento: cuestionario sobre el contenido del trabajo de Karasek. Para el análisis descriptivo se calculó la media y la desviación estándar de las variables numéricas apoyo social, control laboral, demandas psicológicas y estrés laboral; la correlación bivariada se llevó a cabo mediante la técnica de Pearson; el análisis del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales se realizó mediante el método de máxima verosimilitud. Resultados. En promedio se registraron niveles altos de apoyo social, niveles altos de control laboral, niveles moderados de demandas psicológicas y niveles moderados de estrés laboral. La correlación bivariada demuestra que a mayor apoyo social del profesorado menor es el estrés laboral de los estudiantes de enfermería durante su servicio social. En el modelo de ecuaciones estructurales se analizó la relación entre el apoyo social y el control laboral, los índices de ajuste del modelo fueron aceptables. Conclusiones. Se aceptó la hipótesis de estudio establecida mediante el modelo conceptual: el apoyo social del profesorado es un factor antecedente al control laboral de los estudiantes de enfermería que realizan servicio social, variable con valencia positiva del cuestionario de contenido del trabajo de Robert Karasek

Patterns of alcohol consumption and use of health services in spanish university students: UniHcos Project

The aim of the study was to examine the association of alcohol consumption patterns (hazardous alcohol use and binge drinking) and the use of emergency services and primary care consultations in university students. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at eleven Spanish universities collaborating within the uniHcos Project. University students completed an online questionnaire that assessed hazardous alcohol use and binge drinking using the AUDIT questionnaire and evaluated the use of emergency services and primary care. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed, as well as the chi-squared test and Student's t-test and nonconditional logistic regression models to examine this association. Results: There were 10,167 participants who completed the questionnaire. The prevalence of hazardous alcohol use was 16.9% (95% CI: 16.2?17.6), while the prevalence of binge drinking was 48.8% (95% CI: 47.9?49.8). There were significant differences in the use of emergency services in those surveyed with hazardous alcohol use (p < 0.001) or binge drinking pattern (p < 0.001). However, no significant differences were observed in terms of attendance during primary care visits in individuals with hazardous alcohol use (p = 0.367) or binge drinking pattern (p = 0.755). The current study shows the association between university students with a pattern of hazardous alcohol use or binge drinking and greater use of emergency services. However, no significant association was observed between the said consumption patterns and the use of primary care services