INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF URBAN-RURAL DISTINCTIONS AND HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIC BACKGROUNDS ON YOUNG PEOPLE’S ATTITUDES

The present study aims to investigate young people's attitudes about foreign language learning in Northern Ireland, depending on diverse residential areas and household economic backgrounds. A cross-sectional design was used in this study to conduct descriptive research. The present study uses secondary data from the Access Research Knowledge (ARK) in Northern Ireland's Young Life and Time (YLT) survey, which has been performed yearly since 2003. The survey consists of 103 items that may be completed in two ways: online (15.5 percent) or on paper (84.5 percent).  The emphasis of this study was on three variables: young people's home areas (urban and rural); household economic backgrounds; and their educational backgrounds (not very well-off, average, and very well-off); and the attitude to foreign language learning. The outcomes of this study revealed that disparities between urban and rural areas had a major impact on young people's views about foreign language programs. Compared to household prosperity, which did not give strong evidence of disparities in this study, the impact of this problem was considerably more prominent.&nbsp

Antiknock Properties and Volatility Criteria of Some Gasoline-Butanol Blends

Antinock properties and volatility criteria were studied for all-hydrocarbon gasoline before and after blending with 8 and 12 volume percent n-and iso-butanol. Composition and specifications of the hydrocarbon- base gasoline and the formulated gasoline- oxygenate blends, were determined through gas chromatographic analysis and the standard test methods. The effects of n-and iso-butanol addition on driveability performance and volatility criteria, were studied. Keywords: oxygenated gasoline, gasoline-butanol blend volatility criteria, antiknock properties.

Breaking Stereotypes: An Analysis of Gender-Based Refusal Strategies among Intermediate Indonesian English Language Learners

This study aimed to investigate gender-based differences in the use of refusal strategies among 60 intermediate Indonesian English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. A qualitative approach was employed using a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) consisting of 12 scenarios. The refusal taxonomy proposed by Beebe et al. (1990) was utilized to analyze the collected data. Findings showed that both male and female participants most frequently used indirect strategies, with females exhibiting a slightly greater range of indirect strategies. Additionally, the interlocutor's status was found to influence the choice of refusal strategies used by participants. However, no significant gender-based differences were observed. The results suggest that EFL learners tend to express refusal in a polite and considerate manner to avoid causing offense. Future studies should consider incorporating diverse data collection instruments to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of pragmatic competency

Analyzing ethical considerations and research methods in children research

Research involving children and young people has a particular challenge in comparison to research involving adults. Of this particular challenge is related to the issues of ethical considerations and research methods that the researchers have to commit when conducting research. These are two essential research components and integrally linked to one another because they determine the quality and integrity of the research being conducted. These issues require thorough consideration and implemented differently from the research involving adults. Therefore, this paper aimed to discuss the ethical issues and research methods in researching children and critically evaluate these issues from the research practices by taking the cases of the articles in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. Three articles were selected for further analysis to identify the ways the authors address these issues in their articles. The findings indicated that the authors mainly reported common ethical principles, such as voluntary participation and anonymity, but did not explicitly outline the ethical procedures specific for their children participation in their papers. There was also no indication that they employed appropriate methods to work with children such as using child-friendly methods encouraging children's participations and giving them space to express opinions and thoughts

Processing Aluminum Nitride-Silicon Carbide Composites via Polymer Infiltration and Pyrolysis of Polymethylsilane, a Precursor to Stoichiometric Silicon Carbide

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65973/1/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01846.x.pd

Representation of Communicative Competence in English Language Textbooks in Indonesia

English textbooks play a paramount role in teaching process, and are expected to contain appropriate contents that can support students to acquire required competences for effective communication. The expected contents should contain different aspects of language abilities or competences well-known as communicative competence. Thus, the present study is aimed to explicate the representation of communicative competence aspects in the spoken dialogue instances contained in Indonesian EFL textbooks. Three English textbooks, prepared and designed under the auspices of the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, are selected for the analysis. The findings suggest the textbooks have not provided sufficient dialogues that give useful models for students to use in communication. Amid the scarcity of the models, the available dialogues also do not much reflect how authentic spoken dialogues occur in real-life communication due to inadequacy to reflect real-life communication as insufficient representation of the communicative competence particularly in contained dialogue models

The implementation of the national examination in Indonesian: Evaluating its usefulness and drawbacks

National Examination (NE) in education system always becomes a debatable issue particularly in Indonesia. One of the never-ending discussions is that the disadvantages of the NE is assumed to overweigh its advantages that leads the government to plan the withdrawal of the NE in the future. Before the withdrawal of the NE is undertaken, the government needs to further consider some aspects in regard to the usefulness and drawbacks of the NE from different aspects. Hence, this paper will address three aspects of the NE implementation in Indonesia namely its social impacts on students and other parties, lack of usefulness of the NE results and potential misleading and inaccurate information of the NE results. Expectedly, the decision, whether it is to withdraw or maintain the NE, can be beneficial for the improvement of the national education quality

Istiratijiyatu wa Thara`iqu Tadrisi al Iqtishad al Manzili

381 hal.; 24 cm

Fuel consumption of gasoline ethanol blends at different engine rotational

Fuel consumption (mf kg/h) was estimated for two hydrocarbon gasolines (BG1-OE and BG2-OE) and their ethanol blends which contain from 4 to 20 vol.% of ethanol. Fuel consumption experiments for sixteen fuel samples (5 L each), were conducted on a four cylinder, four stroke spark ignition test vehicle Sahin car, Type 1.45, model 2001. The engine has a swept volume of 1400 c.c., a compression ratio of 8.3:1 and a maximum power of 78 HP at 5500 rpm. The obtained data reveal that the relation between fuel consumption and ethanol concentration is linear. Six linear equations for BG1-ethanol blends and BG2-ethanol ones at the investigated rotational speeds, were developed. Fuel consumption values of the first set of gasoline-ethanol blends are lower than that of the second set. This may be attributed to the difference in the chemical composition of base gasolines BG1 in the first set which is enriched in the less volatile reformate if compared with the second set which is more enriched in isomerate, the more volatile refinery stream