THE VARIATION OF FUTURE GOING TO IN AFRICAN-AMERICAN VERNACULAR ENGLISH

African-American Vernacular English (AAVE), Black English Vernacular (BEV), or Ebonics, is a social dialect or a non-standard linguistic variety of American English which carries distinctive grammatical and phonological features. Because of these features, AAVE is considered a unique communication system that has been recognized among linguists as an alternate, regular, and systematic form of vernacular language. Common phonological characteristics of AAVE include reductions or deletions of particular sounds (e.g., [sstə] for Standard American English "sister" [sstər]) and different realizations and vocalizations. In this article, we examine the abbreviations of future going to (i.e., onna, gon, I’ma) which have been typically associated with AAVE. The variants of future going to have been studied in the interviews with six African-American public figures: rap artists Redman, Prodigy, MC Lyte, and Queen Latifah, a talkshow host, Oprah Winfrey, and a blues musician, B. B. King. We analyze the completely abbreviated form I’ma in correlation to gon, gonna, and going to in the first person singular and explore the use of gon in relation to gonna and going to in the remaining grammatical environments. The main objective of this study is to calculate the frequencies of future going to variants in the speech data of each interviewee and test the sociolinguistic variability of the feature by considering the influence of two external identity characteristics, gender and affiliation with Hip Hop culture

How (Fictional) Politicians Persuade and Manipulate Their Viewers? The Case of House of Cards

In times of increasing individualism when many traditional socialization institutions lose their primary role and influence, television series characters have become new role models that people can identify with. Modern television production is inclined to portray protagonists as antiheroes because viewers are more engaged and intrigued by them compared to the traditional protagonists. Series often break the so-called “fourth wall” in a way of transcending boundaries between virtual and real life, talking directly to the viewers, thus creating parasocial interaction. According to the transportation theory of persuasion, the greater the emotional bond with the characters, the higher the possibility for the viewers to “transport” within the narrative. This phenomenon can be particularly noticed in the political drama House of Cards, where the Machiavellian politician Frank Underwood persuades both characters in the story and the viewers in order to achieve some of his personal goals. The aim of this paper is to highlight the methods of persuasion and manipulation used by the protagonist in order to recognize how he wants to persuade us and recognize what his underlying goals are

Karakterizacija zavara cijevi od 25CrMo4 čelika

U ovom radu provedena je karakterizacija i ispitivanje dva zavarena segmenata šasije sportskog automobila nazvanim Segment šasije „Firewall“ i segment šasije „Podnica.“ Zavari koji su izvedeni na zadanim segmentima dinamički su opterećeni te uslijed promjenjivih naprezanja može doći do njihovog oštećenja. Segmenti su dostavljeni te izrezani ručnom pilom kako bi im mikrostruktura ostala nepromijenjena te su na njima provedena nerazorna i razorna ispitivanja s ciljem analize osnovnog materijala cijevi i materijala zavara

Characterisation of welds on 25 CrMo4 tube

U ovom radu provedena je karakterizacija i ispitivanje dva zavarena segmenata šasije sportskog automobila nazvanim Segment šasije „Firewall“ i segment šasije „Podnica.“ Zavari koji su izvedeni na zadanim segmentima dinamički su opterećeni te uslijed promjenjivih naprezanja može doći do njihovog oštećenja. Segmenti su dostavljeni te izrezani ručnom pilom kako bi im mikrostruktura ostala nepromijenjena te su na njima provedena nerazorna i razorna ispitivanja s ciljem analize osnovnog materijala cijevi i materijala zavara.This bachelor thesis is based on testing and characterization of two welded-segment of sport car chassis: "Firewall" and "Podnica." This parts have been dynamically loaded and that caused their damage. Segments have been delivered and cut in that way so their microstructure would remain the same. Welded segments were then tested with destructive and nondestructive metods to analyse base material of pipe and welded segment

Uloga slikovnice u razvoju govora djece predškoleske dobi

Govor je temelj ljudske komunikacije i značajan je za cjelokupan razvoj djeteta. Govor se može shvatiti i kao vještina neophodna za svladavanje vještinai sposobnosti čitanja i pisanja (Pavličević-Franić, 2005). U procesu svladavanja jezičnih djelatnosti govorenja, slušanja i čitanja slikovnica je nezaobilazni medij u odrastanju djeteta, njegova prva knjiga i njegova igračka. U ovom radu govori se o određenju pojma slikovnice, utjecaju, ulozi i funkciji slikovnice u djetetovu razvoju. Na tržištu je obilje knjiga za djecu i slikovnica, a roditelji su često u nedoumici što od toga izabrati. Kvalitetna slikovnica je uvijek najbolji izbor, stoga se u radu govori i o elementima kvalitetne slikovnice. S obzirom da dijaloško čitanje utječe na razvoj djetetova govora u radu je objašnjeno koliko je bitno čitati djeci i koji su najbolji načini. Interakcija roditelja s djetetom prilikom čitanja slikovnica i priča je značajna jer dijete tada postaje ravnopravan partner u čitanju, što znači da u bilo kojem trenutku može izreći svoje misli i razmišljanja o pročitanome te postaviti pitanja koja ga zanimaju u vezi s pročitanom pričom. Takvo zajedničko, poticajno čitanje slikovnica nazivamo dijaloško čitanje u kojem se izmjenjuju faze čitanja i faze razgovora o pročitanom tekstu i slikama u slikovnici. Uloga slikovnice u razvoju dječjeg govora predškolske dobi je poticanje govornih vještina, obogaćivanje fonda riječi, učenje novih činjenica i pojmova. Na osnovi provedene aktivnosti može se zaljučiti da slikovnica znatno utječe na govorni razvoj djece.Speech is the foundation of human communication and is significant for the entire development of a child. Speech may also be considered as the skill necessary for accomplishing reading and writing abilities (Pavličević-Franić, 2005). In the process of acquiring language activities in the area of speaking, listening and reading, the picture book is the unavoidable media in the process of growing up, child’s first book and the most important toy. The aim of this paper is to define the concept of the picture book, its function, role and the influence on the development of a child. Nowadays, plenty of books for children are available on the market thus parents are often confused what to choose.The best choice is always a picture book of good quality, therefore, the elements of quality picture books is one of the elaborated topics in this paper. Considering the fact that dialogic reading affects the process of child’s speech development, the importance of reading to children as well as the most suitable methods for reading are emphasized. Interaction between parents and children during the reading of picture books and stories is very important because it is the moment when children become equal partners in the process of reading. This means that children become aware of the fact that they are able to express their thoughts as well as to ask any type of questions concerning the story being read. Such common and inspirational type of reading picture books is called dialogic reading which consists of constant interchange between the phases of reading and communication phases about the content of picture books. The function of picture books in the process of preschool-aged children’ speech development is encouraging speakingskills, enriching the word fund and learning new facts and concepts. Based on the activity conducted, it can be concluded that picture book significantly affects the child’s speech development

Fuentes potenciales de alimento en Glycymeris nummaria (Mollusca: Bivalvia) durante el ciclo anual a partir del análisis de ácidos graso

Seasonal changes of food sources were investigated by analysing the fatty acid profiles of digestive gland and muscle tissues of the naturally occurring clams Glycymeris nummaria in Mali Ston Bay, Croatia. Total lipids in the digestive gland and the adductor muscle showed parallel changes, with a maximum after the main spawning event in September. In the digestive gland saturated fatty acids were highly dominant (up to 82%), indicating detritus as the main food source for this species. This type of food prevailed during the autumn/winter period, in contrast to the spring/summer period when detritus was enriched with phyto- and, to a lesser extent, zooplankton. Fatty acid composition of muscles indicated highly efficient utilization of ingested food through significant retention of polyunsaturated fatty acid from the clams’ diet during the entire period investigated.Se han investigado los cambios estacionales en las fuentes de alimentación de poblaciones naturales del bivalvo Glycymeris nummaria en la bahía Mali Ston (Croacia) por medio del análisis de los perfiles de ácidos grasos de la glándula digestiva y del tejido muscular. El total de lípidos tanto de la glándula digestiva como en el músculo aductor mostró cambios similares después del principal evento de freza (septiembre). En la glándula digestiva los ácidos grasos saturados fueron altamente dominantes (hasta el 82%), lo que señala a los detritos como principal fuente de alimentación de esta especie. Este tipo de alimento prevalece durante el otoño/invierno, mientras que en primavera/verano la alimentación se complementa con fitoplancton y, en menor medida, con zooplancton. La composición de ácidos grasos en el tejido muscular indica una alta eficiencia en la utilización del alimento ingerido mediante la retención de los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (PUFA) de la dieta durante todo el periodo investigado

Opis strukture zajednica školjkaša u hrvatskom dijelu Jadranskog mora - istraživanje hidrauličnom dredžom

Hydraulic dredge surveys of bivalve communities in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea were conducted from the Island of Rab in the north to the river Neretva estuary in the south during 2007 and 2008. The main objective of the study was to describe distribution and community structure of bivalves on soft sediments along the eastern Adriatic, primarily focusing on commercially important species in five main bivalve harvesting areas. A total of 105 hydraulic dredge samples were collected at depths ranging from 1 to 11 m. Sampled bivalves were separated in the field and frozen for later laboratory analysis that included species identification, abundance and biomass determination. Live specimens of 54 bivalve taxa were collected during this study, while 87 taxa were represented by empty shells. Shells of the non-indigenous bivalve Anadara demiri were recorded for the first time in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea. In terms of biomass and abundance the dominant species were Acanthocardia tuberculata, Callista chione, Chamelea gallina, Glycymeris bimaculata, G. glycymeris, G. violascens, Laevicardium oblongum, Modiolus barbatus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ostrea edulis and Venus verrucosa. Statistically significant differences were noted in bivalve communities in the five main sampling areas including the island of Rab, Pag bay, Kaštela bay, Cetina estuary and Neretva estuary.Istraživanje zajednica školjkaša provedeno je tijekom 2007. i 2008. godine duž istočne obale Jadrana, od otoka Raba na sjeveru do ušća rijeke Neretve na jugu. Glavni cilj istraživanja bio je opis raspodjele i strukture zajednica školjkaša na mekim dnima duž istočne obale Jadrana, sa posebnim naglaskom na gospodarski važne vrste školjkaša u pet glavnih izlovnih područja. Hidrauličnom dredžom prikupljeno je ukupno 105 uzoraka na dubinama od 1 do 11 m. Prikupljeni školjkaši na terenu su odvojeni i zamrznuti za daljnju laboratorijsku analizu koja je uključivala identifikaciju vrsta te analizu brojnosti i biomase. U prikupljenim uzorcima 54 vrste školjkaša bile su zastupljene sa živim primjercima, dok je iz ljušturnih ostataka identificirano 87 vrsta školjkaša. Ljušture alohtone vrste školjkaša Anadara demiri zabilježene su po prvi puta u hrvatskom dijelu Jadrana. Maseno i brojčano najzastupljenije vrste bile su: Acanthocardia tuberculata, Callista chione, Chamelea gallina, Glycymeris bimaculata, G. glycymeris, G. violascens, Laevicardium oblongum, Modiolus barbatus, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Ostrea edulis i Venus verrucosa. Statistički značajna razlika zabilježena je u zajednicama školjkaša na pet glavnih područja istraživanja uključujući otok Rab, Paški zaljev, Kaštelanski zaljev te ušća rijeka Cetine i Neretve

Uloga slikovnice u razvoju govora djece predškoleske dobi

Govor je temelj ljudske komunikacije i značajan je za cjelokupan razvoj djeteta. Govor se može shvatiti i kao vještina neophodna za svladavanje vještinai sposobnosti čitanja i pisanja (Pavličević-Franić, 2005). U procesu svladavanja jezičnih djelatnosti govorenja, slušanja i čitanja slikovnica je nezaobilazni medij u odrastanju djeteta, njegova prva knjiga i njegova igračka. U ovom radu govori se o određenju pojma slikovnice, utjecaju, ulozi i funkciji slikovnice u djetetovu razvoju. Na tržištu je obilje knjiga za djecu i slikovnica, a roditelji su često u nedoumici što od toga izabrati. Kvalitetna slikovnica je uvijek najbolji izbor, stoga se u radu govori i o elementima kvalitetne slikovnice. S obzirom da dijaloško čitanje utječe na razvoj djetetova govora u radu je objašnjeno koliko je bitno čitati djeci i koji su najbolji načini. Interakcija roditelja s djetetom prilikom čitanja slikovnica i priča je značajna jer dijete tada postaje ravnopravan partner u čitanju, što znači da u bilo kojem trenutku može izreći svoje misli i razmišljanja o pročitanome te postaviti pitanja koja ga zanimaju u vezi s pročitanom pričom. Takvo zajedničko, poticajno čitanje slikovnica nazivamo dijaloško čitanje u kojem se izmjenjuju faze čitanja i faze razgovora o pročitanom tekstu i slikama u slikovnici. Uloga slikovnice u razvoju dječjeg govora predškolske dobi je poticanje govornih vještina, obogaćivanje fonda riječi, učenje novih činjenica i pojmova. Na osnovi provedene aktivnosti može se zaljučiti da slikovnica znatno utječe na govorni razvoj djece.Speech is the foundation of human communication and is significant for the entire development of a child. Speech may also be considered as the skill necessary for accomplishing reading and writing abilities (Pavličević-Franić, 2005). In the process of acquiring language activities in the area of speaking, listening and reading, the picture book is the unavoidable media in the process of growing up, child’s first book and the most important toy. The aim of this paper is to define the concept of the picture book, its function, role and the influence on the development of a child. Nowadays, plenty of books for children are available on the market thus parents are often confused what to choose.The best choice is always a picture book of good quality, therefore, the elements of quality picture books is one of the elaborated topics in this paper. Considering the fact that dialogic reading affects the process of child’s speech development, the importance of reading to children as well as the most suitable methods for reading are emphasized. Interaction between parents and children during the reading of picture books and stories is very important because it is the moment when children become equal partners in the process of reading. This means that children become aware of the fact that they are able to express their thoughts as well as to ask any type of questions concerning the story being read. Such common and inspirational type of reading picture books is called dialogic reading which consists of constant interchange between the phases of reading and communication phases about the content of picture books. The function of picture books in the process of preschool-aged children’ speech development is encouraging speakingskills, enriching the word fund and learning new facts and concepts. Based on the activity conducted, it can be concluded that picture book significantly affects the child’s speech development

Ciclo reproductivo de Glycymeris nummaria (Mollusca: Bivalvia), de la bahía de Mali Ston, Mar Adriático, Croacia

The reproductive cycle of the dog cockle, Glycymeris nummaria (Glycymerididae), was studied using specimens collected monthly from Mali Ston Bay, southeastern Adriatic Sea over the period from January to December 2010. We analysed sex ratios, gonad developmental stages, and oocyte diameters using standard histological techniques. There were no differences in the overall sex ratio and no difference in shell length with respect to sex. Results of a size-frequency analysis of oocyte diameters agreed with a qualitative analysis of gonadal developmental stages, confirming the occurrence of one annual spawning peak from May to July. A significant correlation was identified between mean gonad indices of males and females and condition index. This study provides the first data on the reproductive characteristics of G. nummaria, providing necessary information for the future sustainable management of its potential fishery.El ciclo reproductivo del bivalvo Glycymeris nummaria (Glycymerididae) fue estudiado en base a especímenes recolectados mensualmente entre enero y diciembre de 2012 en la Bahía Mali Ston (sudeste del Adriático). Analizamos la proporción sexual (sex ratio), los estadios del desarrollo gonadal y el diámetro de los ovocitos utilizando las técnicas histológicas estándares. No existen diferencias en la proporción sexual ni tampoco en la longitud de los especímenes en relación al sexo. Los resultados del análisis de la frecuencia de los diámetros de los ovocitos concordaron con el análisis cualitativo del estadio de desarrollo de las gónadas, confirmando la existencia de un pico de puesta anual entre los meses de mayo y julio. Asimismo se encontró una correlación significativa entre los índices gonadales promedio de machos y hembras y el índice de condición. Este estudio aporta por primera vez datos de las características reproductivas de G. nummaria que son necesarios para la gestión sostenible de la pesca potencial de esta especie en un futuro

Uloga slikovnice u razvoju govora djece predškoleske dobi

Govor je temelj ljudske komunikacije i značajan je za cjelokupan razvoj djeteta. Govor se može shvatiti i kao vještina neophodna za svladavanje vještinai sposobnosti čitanja i pisanja (Pavličević-Franić, 2005). U procesu svladavanja jezičnih djelatnosti govorenja, slušanja i čitanja slikovnica je nezaobilazni medij u odrastanju djeteta, njegova prva knjiga i njegova igračka. U ovom radu govori se o određenju pojma slikovnice, utjecaju, ulozi i funkciji slikovnice u djetetovu razvoju. Na tržištu je obilje knjiga za djecu i slikovnica, a roditelji su često u nedoumici što od toga izabrati. Kvalitetna slikovnica je uvijek najbolji izbor, stoga se u radu govori i o elementima kvalitetne slikovnice. S obzirom da dijaloško čitanje utječe na razvoj djetetova govora u radu je objašnjeno koliko je bitno čitati djeci i koji su najbolji načini. Interakcija roditelja s djetetom prilikom čitanja slikovnica i priča je značajna jer dijete tada postaje ravnopravan partner u čitanju, što znači da u bilo kojem trenutku može izreći svoje misli i razmišljanja o pročitanome te postaviti pitanja koja ga zanimaju u vezi s pročitanom pričom. Takvo zajedničko, poticajno čitanje slikovnica nazivamo dijaloško čitanje u kojem se izmjenjuju faze čitanja i faze razgovora o pročitanom tekstu i slikama u slikovnici. Uloga slikovnice u razvoju dječjeg govora predškolske dobi je poticanje govornih vještina, obogaćivanje fonda riječi, učenje novih činjenica i pojmova. Na osnovi provedene aktivnosti može se zaljučiti da slikovnica znatno utječe na govorni razvoj djece.Speech is the foundation of human communication and is significant for the entire development of a child. Speech may also be considered as the skill necessary for accomplishing reading and writing abilities (Pavličević-Franić, 2005). In the process of acquiring language activities in the area of speaking, listening and reading, the picture book is the unavoidable media in the process of growing up, child’s first book and the most important toy. The aim of this paper is to define the concept of the picture book, its function, role and the influence on the development of a child. Nowadays, plenty of books for children are available on the market thus parents are often confused what to choose.The best choice is always a picture book of good quality, therefore, the elements of quality picture books is one of the elaborated topics in this paper. Considering the fact that dialogic reading affects the process of child’s speech development, the importance of reading to children as well as the most suitable methods for reading are emphasized. Interaction between parents and children during the reading of picture books and stories is very important because it is the moment when children become equal partners in the process of reading. This means that children become aware of the fact that they are able to express their thoughts as well as to ask any type of questions concerning the story being read. Such common and inspirational type of reading picture books is called dialogic reading which consists of constant interchange between the phases of reading and communication phases about the content of picture books. The function of picture books in the process of preschool-aged children’ speech development is encouraging speakingskills, enriching the word fund and learning new facts and concepts. Based on the activity conducted, it can be concluded that picture book significantly affects the child’s speech development