Review of \u3ci\u3eThe West and Beyond: New Perspectives on an Imagined Region\u3c/i\u3e edited by Alvin Finkel, Sarah Carter, and Peter Fortna

From 1969 to 1990 the Western Canadian Studies conferences brought together researchers interested in the history of a region defined as the Prairie West or simply the West, often at the University of Calgary. In large measure the conference was an outgrowth of the fractious regional politics of the late 1960s. The range of topics participants explored, however, ultimately went well beyond the limited theme of western alienation and made an important contribution to the regional historiography; fourteen volumes of conference papers, usually edited by University of Calgary scholars, were published between 1970 and 1993. In June 2008 a group of historians at the University of Alberta tested the possibility of reviving Western Canadian Studies with a conference titled The West and Beyond: Historians Past, Present, and Future. The organizers believed it was time for scholars in the field to rise up, evaluate, and appraise the state of Western Canadian history, acknowledging and assessing the contributions of historians of the past and present while at the same time showcasing the research interests of the next generation

Quarantined Within a New Colonial Order: The 1876-1877 Lake Winnipeg Smallpox Epidemic

This paper examines the link between the public health measures of quarantine and sanitation and the creation of racially-segregated reserves in the Canadian Northwest. In the fall of 1876, a smallpox epidemic broke out among Icelandic settlers and Aboriginal people living along the southwest coast of Lake Winnipeg. In response government officials formed a Board of Health and took measures to prevent the spread of the disease. The affected district was placed under a rigid quarantine and health officers were sent out to treat the victims and vaccinate people in adjacent communities. Due to both these measures and the diligence of local people, the disease was effectively contained and the number of dead, while significant, did not reach the levels of previous smallpox epidemics. However, the public health response to the crisis had far reaching consequences. By extending and legitimating the authority of the Canadian state over a region where its influence was previously quite limited, quarantine and sanitation helped reify a new colonial order mandating the compartmentalization of land and people into a system of Indian and immigrant reservations.Cet article étudie le lien entre les mesures de santé publique et d’hygiène prises lors de la quarantaine et la création de réserves fondée sur la ségrégation raciale dans le Nord-Ouest canadien. À l’automne 1876, une épidémie de variole se propage parmi les pionniers islandais et les Autochtones vivant le long de la côte sud-ouest du lac Winnipeg. Pour faire face à la situation, le gouvernement met en place un service d’hygiène afin de contrer la propagation de la maladie. Le district touché est mis en quarantaine sévère et des agents de santé sont dépêchés sur les lieux pour traiter les victimes et pour vacciner les habitants des communautés voisines. Grâce aux mesures prises et à l’empressement des résidents, la maladie est vite maîtrisée et le nombre de décès, quoiqu’important, n’atteint pas celui des épidémies de variole antérieures. Cependant, la réaction des autorités publiques à cette crise entraîne de profondes conséquences. La quarantaine et l’hygiène accentuent et légitiment l’autorité de l’État canadien dans une région où son influence était très limitée, ce qui contribue à faire régner un nouvel ordre colonial avec comme mandat la compartimentation des terres et des habitants en un système de réserves d’Autochtones et d’immigrants

“Close together, though miles and miles apart”: Family, Distance, and Emotion in the Letters of the Taylor Sisters, 1881-1921

This paper analyses a web of correspondence that connected five sisters in three countries over almost 60 years. Born in Kingston, Canada West, between 1851 and 1861, Elizabeth (Lizzie), Anna, Caroline (Carrie), Jane, and Susanna (Susie) Taylor spent much of their lives on the move between diverse parts of North America. In 1882 Susie moved to Iceland, where she remained for the rest of her life. The letters she received from her sisters document the evolution of their relationships as time and distance rendered their separation permanent and provide insights into the thoughts, feelings, and experiences of female kin living in widely differing social and economic circumstances. The deeply personal nature of many of the letters suggest ways in which the sisters attempted to push at the edges of the medium available to them to preserve a sense of emotional connection.L’auteur analyse ici les lettres que se sont échangées pendant près de 60 ans cinq soeurs établies dans trois pays. Nées à Kingston (Canada-Ouest) entre 1851 et 1861, Elizabeth (Lizzie), Anna, Caroline (Carrie), Jane, and Susanna (Susie) Taylor ont passé une bonne partie de leur vie à se déplacer entre diverses parties de l’Amérique du Nord. En 1882, Susie s’en alla vivre en Islande, où elle demeura le reste de sa vie. Les lettres qu’elle a reçues de ses soeurs rendent compte de l’évolution de leurs relations au fur et à mesure que le temps et la distance rendaient leur séparation permanente; elles donnent aussi une idée des pensées, des sentiments et des expériences de proches parentes vivant dans des conditions sociales et économiques très différentes les unes des autres. Le caractère hautement personnel de bon nombre de lettres laisse entrevoir les moyens par lesquels les soeurs ont tenté de repousser les limites du médium à leur disposition afin de préserver un sentiment de lien affectif

The Values Debate at the Nexus of Transnational Perspectives on Human Rights and Citizenship Education

Serving as introduction to the collection of papers in this issue, this paper takes up seven themes to situate each paper in the debates that characterize the field of citizenship education and to attempt to understand the linkages between values, human rights and citizenship education in a transnational era. The themes explore planetary philosophical perspectives; understand values as practice and human rights as foundational to values; set geopolitical considerations of values in postcolonial perspectives and pedagogical perspectives in transnational contexts; characterize citizenship education as a contested field; and reflect upon the relevance of transnationalism to the values debate. In a concluding note, we remark that negotiating multiple, transcultural and transnational frames of reference is not unusual for many youth today nor is it in many countries; and as such, is the very nexus of education for democratic living in a transnational and transcultural times. Jouant le rôle d’introduction à la série d’articles publiés dans ce numéro de la revue, cet article met en relief sept thèmes qui permettent de situer chaque article dans les débats qui caractérisent le champ de l’éducation à la citoyenneté, pour ainsi tenter de faire comprendre les liens entre les valeurs, les droits de la personne et l’éducation à la citoyenneté dans notre monde transnational. Ces thèmes portent sur l’exploration des perspectives philosophiques planétaires; la compréhension des valeurs dans la pratique et les droits humains comme fondements aux valeurs de la citoyenneté; le fait de considérer les aspects géopolitiques des valeurs dans une perspective postcoloniale et ses répercussions pédagogiques dans des contextes transnationaux; les caractéristiques de l’éducation à la citoyenneté comme champ faisant l’objet de critiques; et la réflexion sur le sens du transnationalisme dans le débat sur les valeurs. En conclusion, nous remarquons que le fait de considérer des cadres de référence multiples, transculturels et transnationaux n’est pas inhabituel pour de nombreux jeunes ni pour de nombreux pays. Cela constitue en soi le coeur dynamique d’où peut jaillir l’éducation pour la vie démocratique à notre époque caractérisée par le transnational et le transculturel

Development programs in Canada

Identifies and describes selected development projects in Canada which might be of interest to development workers in less developed countries, insisting upon training programs for development workers. Some underlying principles, concepts and methods of development processes are identified. Includes bibliography

Identification of Trypanosome Proteins in Plasma from African Sleeping Sickness Patients Infected with T. b. rhodesiense

Control of human African sleeping sickness, caused by subspecies of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei, is based on preventing transmission by elimination of the tsetse vector and by active diagnostic screening and treatment of infected patients. To identify trypanosome proteins that have potential as biomarkers for detection and monitoring of African sleeping sickness, we have used a ‘deep-mining” proteomics approach to identify trypanosome proteins in human plasma. Abundant human plasma proteins were removed by immunodepletion. Depleted plasma samples were then digested to peptides with trypsin, fractionated by basic reversed phase and each fraction analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This sample processing and analysis method enabled identification of low levels of trypanosome proteins in pooled plasma from late stage sleeping sickness patients infected with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. A total of 254 trypanosome proteins were confidently identified. Many of the parasite proteins identified were of unknown function, although metabolic enzymes, chaperones, proteases and ubiquitin-related/acting proteins were found. This approach to the identification of conserved, soluble trypanosome proteins in human plasma offers a possible route to improved disease diagnosis and monitoring, since these molecules are potential biomarkers for the development of a new generation of antigen-detection assays. The combined immuno-depletion/mass spectrometric approach can be applied to a variety of infectious diseases for unbiased biomarker identification

Discovery of a Highly Conserved Peptide in the Iron Transporter Melanotransferrin that Traverses an Intact Blood Brain Barrier and Localizes in Neural Cells

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) hinders the distribution of therapeutics intended for treatment of diseases of the brain. Our previous studies demonstrated that that a soluble form of melanotransferrin (MTf; Uniprot P08582; also known as p97, MFI2, and CD228), a mammalian iron-transport protein, is an effective carrier for delivery of drug conjugates across the BBB into the brain and was the first BBB targeting delivery system to demonstrate therapeutic efficacy within the brain. Here, we performed a screen to identify peptides from MTf capable of traversing the BBB. We identified a highly conserved 12-amino acid peptide, termed MTfp, that retains the ability to cross the intact BBB undigested, distribute throughout the parenchyma, and enter endosomes and lysosomes within neurons, astrocytes and microglia in the brain. This peptide may provide a platform for the transport of therapeutics to the CNS, and thereby offers new avenues for potential treatments of neuropathologies that are currently refractory to existing therapies

Curcuphenol possesses an unusual histone deacetylase enhancing activity that counters immune escape in metastatic tumours

Curcuphenol, a common component of the culinary spices, naturally found in marine invertebrates and plants, has been identified as a novel candidate for reversing immune escape by restoring expression of the antigen presentation machinery (APM) in invasive cancers, thereby resurrecting the immune recognition of metastatic tumours. Two synthetic curcuphenol analogues, were prepared by informed design that demonstrated consistent induction of APM expression in metastatic prostate and lung carcinoma cells. Both analogues were subsequently found to possess a previously undescribed histone deacetylase (HDAC)-enhancing activity. Remarkably, the H3K27ac ChIPseq analysis of curcuphenol-treated cells reveals that the induced epigenomic marks closely resemble the changes in genome-wide pattern observed with interferon-γ, a cytokine instrumental for orchestrating innate and adaptive immunity. These observations link dietary components to modifying epigenetic programs that modulate gene expression guiding poised immunity

Review of \u3ci\u3eThe West and Beyond: New Perspectives on an Imagined Region\u3c/i\u3e edited by Alvin Finkel, Sarah Carter, and Peter Fortna

From 1969 to 1990 the Western Canadian Studies conferences brought together researchers interested in the history of a region defined as the Prairie West or simply the West, often at the University of Calgary. In large measure the conference was an outgrowth of the fractious regional politics of the late 1960s. The range of topics participants explored, however, ultimately went well beyond the limited theme of western alienation and made an important contribution to the regional historiography; fourteen volumes of conference papers, usually edited by University of Calgary scholars, were published between 1970 and 1993. In June 2008 a group of historians at the University of Alberta tested the possibility of reviving Western Canadian Studies with a conference titled The West and Beyond: Historians Past, Present, and Future. The organizers believed it was time for scholars in the field to rise up, evaluate, and appraise the state of Western Canadian history, acknowledging and assessing the contributions of historians of the past and present while at the same time showcasing the research interests of the next generation