Big politics, small money: Euroscepticism's diminishing return in EU budget allocations

Includes supplementary materials for the online appendix.This study is motivated by the puzzle of diminishing gains in the European Union budget bargaining for governments with a Eurosceptic domestic audience, even as Euroscepticism is increasingly represented in national legislatures. Engaging literature on fiscal federalism in the European Union and the institutionalist politics of its budgetary process, we argue that European integration diminishes the ability of member states’ governments to leverage Euroscepticism to extract concessions from the European Union budget. This is because Euroscepticism is becoming less exceptional, and greater differentiation in integration reduces the will to reward those seen as systematically less committed to integration. Running panel-corrected standard errors regressions on Operating Budgetary Balances since 1977, we find that in intergovernmental bargaining, domestic popular Euroscepticism is an advantage, but parliamentary Euroscepticism is not

Do euro area institutions benefit the small member states?

Data de publicació electrònica: 22-07-2021In recent years, the pooling of authority among the member states of the euro area has intensified, expanding the remit of the Council, Commission and ECB. While it is commonly thought that large states dominate these institutions, a growing literature emphasizes the ability of small states to pursue their interests too. We explore whether the empowerment of euro area institutions was associated with relative net gains for small member states over large ones, and with relative losses during the euro crisis. We estimate the relationship between the relative amount of resources of different institutions, and the distribution of gains among members, throughout 1999–2016. We find that empowering the Council, the Commission or the ECB provides relative gains to small member states, although not against Germany.This research was supported by THE ISRAEL SCIENCE FOUNDATION [grant No. 184/17]

Central retinal artery occlusion as a presenting symptom in Eales’ disease: a case report

Abstract Background Eales’ disease is an idiopathic peripheral retinal vasculopathy characterized by retinal phlebitis, ischemia, retinal neovascularization, and recurrent vitreous hemorrhages. But CRAO is an unusual presentation. Case presentation A 27-year-old healthy female nurse of Indian descent presented with sudden vision loss in her right eye upon awakening. Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO), combined with mild central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO), was diagnosed. During the second of three consecutive sessions of hyperbaric oxygen treatments, her vision rapidly improved. One week later, she developed peripheral phlebitis in the same eye. Infectious, inflammatory, and hematologic etiologies were excluded. The systemic evaluation was normal except for a positive Mantoux tuberculin skin test. Following systemic steroidal treatment, she experienced gradual improvement of her vasculitis. Two weeks later, mild retinal phlebitis appeared in her left eye. Eales’ disease was diagnosed after the exclusion of other diseases. Conclusion This is an unusual Eales’ disease case, which presented as combined CRAO with mild CRVO. The association of CRAO and Eales’ disease is reported here for the first time, to our best knowledge