Квартирный вопрос для научных работников: от дома-коммуны к жилищному кооперативу

This article examines the transition from the principle of abolishing the way of life structured around the individual (communal house) to socially stratified comfortable housing (a cooperative) in the second half of the 1920s and mid-1930s. Traditionally, housing cooperatives are interpreted as an instrument of proletarian social stratification. The author studies industrial housing cooperatives of scholars, characterising the specifics of their interaction with the local authorities, clarifying their social composition, and reconstructing the peculiarities underlying the functioning and financial discipline. Using the documentation of the State Archives of the Russian Federation, the author explores the history of several Moscow, Leningrad, and regional scholarly cooperatives. Also, the author separately considers the project of the House for academic staff in Omsk illustrating the publication with an architectural drawing of a typical layout of elite accommodation. The author concludes that a short period of housing cooperation, which unfolded during the first five-year plan, could contribute to the strengthening of social stratification (scholars were taken out of the framework of general civil norms for housing), stratification within the academic community (financially successful categories of scholars were singled out), reducing the severity of the housing problem in the provinces (due to the resettlement of visiting specialists). On the other hand, the brief period cannot be considered successful due to the instability of cooperatives for researchers in the system of working housing, the small number of cooperatives and efforts to increase their administrative enlargement, the vagueness of the boundaries between municipal and cooperative housing, and, finally, the financial burden of cooperatives for scholars (with high state credit costs).В статье исследуется переход от принципа упразднения индивидуального уклада жизни (дом-коммуна) к социально стратифицированному, комфортному жилью (кооператив с обособленными квартирами) во второй половине 1920-х — середине 1930-х гг. Традиционно жилищные кооперативы рассматриваются как инструмент социальной стратификации, имеющий ярко выраженную пролетарскую направленность. Автор впервые исследует производственные жилищные кооперативы научных работников, характеризуя специфику их взаимодействия с местными органами власти, уточняя социальный состав пайщиков, реконструируя спе­цифику функционирования и финансовой дисциплины. На основе широкой делопроизводственной документации из фондов Государственного архива Российской Федерации, впервые вводимой в научный оборот, автор раскрывает историю нескольких научных кооперативов — московского, ленинградского, сети провинциальных РЖК. Отдельно рассматривается проект Дома научных работников в Омске: публикацию сопровождает архитектурный чертеж типовой планировки жилья элитарного типа. Автор приходит к выводу, что краткий период жилищной кооперации, развернувшийся в годы первой пятилетки, мог способствовать укреплению социальной стратификации (научные работники оказались выведены за рамки общегражданских норм обеспечения жилплощадью), расслоению внутри научного сообщества (были обособлены высшие, финансово преуспевающие категории научных работников), снижению остроты жилищного вопроса в провинции (за счет расселения приезжающих специалистов). С другой стороны, краткий опыт нельзя признать удачным из-за неустойчивости кооперативов для служащих в системе рабочего жилья, немногочисленности кооперативов и административных усилий по их укрупнению, нечеткости границ между муниципальным и кооперативным жильем и, наконец, финансовой обременительности кооперативов для пайщиков (при высоких государственных кредитных издержках)

Assessment of impacts and potential mitigation for icebreaking vessels transiting pupping areas of an ice-breeding seal

Icebreaker operations in the Arctic and other areas are increasing rapidly to support new industrial activities and shipping routes, but the impact on pinnipeds in these habitats is poorly explored. We present the first quantitative study of icebreakers transiting ice-breeding habitat of a phocid seal and recommendations for mitigation. Impacts were recorded from the vessel bridge during seven ice seasons 2006–2013, for Caspian seals (Pusa caspica) breeding on the winter ice-field of the Caspian Sea. Impacts included displacement and separation of mothers and pups, breakage of birth or nursery sites and vessel-seal collisions. The flight distance of mothers with pups ahead was < 100 m, but measurable disturbance occurred at distances exceeding 200 m. Separation distances of pups from mothers were greatest for seals < 10 m to the side of the vessel, and declined with increasing distance from the vessel. The relative risk of separation by ≥ 20 m was greatest for distances < 50 m from the vessel path. Seals on flat ice were more likely to be separated or displaced by ≥ 20 m than seals in an ice rubble field. The relative risk of vessel collisions with mothers or pups was significantly greater at night when breaking new channels (12.6 times), with vessel speeds ≥ 4 kn (7.8 times). A mitigation hierarchy is recommended for the Caspian Sea which could be applied to Arctic pinnipeds, including reducing icebreaker transits during critical periods, and using data from aerial surveys to plan routes to minimise encounters with seals. Where pre-emptive avoidance is not possible, recommendations include maintaining a safe separation from breeding seals at least 50 m beyond the distance at which measurable disturbance occurs, speed limits, use of thermal imaging at night, dedicated on-board Seal Observers, and training of vessel officers to take effective reactive measures

Data associated with 'Assessment of impacts and potential mitigation for icebreaking vessels transiting pupping areas of an ice-breeding seal. Biological Conservation (2017), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.05.028'

A zip file archive - Original data for the above paper comprising i) a text file in ‘.csv’ format organised by columns and rows, with context and behavioural data relating to individual vessel-seal encounters; ii) A PDF giving text definitions of variables and column contents

The Macrophage Activator GcMAF-RF Enhances the Antitumor Effect of Karanahan Technology through Induction of M2–M1 Macrophage Reprogramming

Macrophages are the immune cells of high-immunological plasticity, which can exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory activity, as well as repolarize their phenotype to the opposite or neutral one. In this regard, M2 macrophages of the tumor-associated stroma (TAS) are a promising therapeutic target in treating malignant neoplasms. Using FACS assay, we have estimated the CD11b+/Ly-6G+/Ly-6C+ fraction of macrophages from the peritoneum and TAS in intact healthy mice and those with developed Lewis carcinoma, both untreated and treated according to Karanahan technology in combination with group-specific macrophage activator (GcMAF-RF). As well, the pattern of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression in different groups of experimental and tumor-bearing animals was assessed. It was found that: (i) exposure of intact mice to GcMAF-RF results in the increased number of CD11b+/Ly-6C+ peritoneal macrophages and, at the same time, the expression pattern of cytokines in peritoneal macrophages switches from that characteristic of the mixed M1/M2 phenotype to that characteristic of the neutral M0 one; (ii) combination of Karanahan technology and GcMAF-RF treatment results in M0/M1 repolarization of TAS macrophages; (iii) in tumor-bearing mice, the response of peritoneal macrophages to such a treatment is associated with the induction of anti-inflammatory reaction, which is opposite to that in TAS macrophages

The New General Biological Property of Stem-like Tumor Cells (Part II: Surface Molecules, Which Belongs to Distinctive Groups with Particular Functions, Form a Unique Pattern Characteristic of a Certain Type of Tumor Stem-like Cells)

An ability of poorly differentiated cells of different genesis, including tumor stem-like cells (TSCs), to internalize extracellular double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragments was revealed in our studies. Using the models of Krebs-2 murine ascites carcinoma and EBV-induced human B-cell lymphoma culture, we demonstrated that dsDNA internalization into the cell consists of several mechanistically distinct phases. The primary contact with cell membrane factors is determined by electrostatic interactions. Firm contacts with cell envelope proteins are then formed, followed by internalization into the cell of the complex formed between the factor and the dsDNA probe bound to it. The key binding sites were found to be the heparin-binding domains, which are constituents of various cell surface proteins of TSCs—either the C1q domain, the collagen-binding domain, or domains of positively charged amino acids. These results imply that the interaction between extracellular dsDNA fragments and the cell, as well as their internalization, took place with the involvement of glycocalyx components (proteoglycans/glycoproteins (PGs/GPs) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs)) and the system of scavenger receptors (SRs), which are characteristic of TSCs and form functional clusters of cell surface proteins in TSCs. The key provisions of the concept characterizing the principle of organization of the “group-specific” cell surface factors of TSCs of various geneses were formulated. These factors belong to three protein clusters: GPs/PGs, GIP-APs, and SRs. For TSCs of different tumors, these clusters were found to be represented by different members with homotypic functions corresponding to the general function of the cluster to which they belong

Identification of the xenograft and its ascendant sphere-forming cell line as belonging to EBV-induced lymphoma, and characterization of the status of sphere-forming cells

Abstract Background We have characterized the human cell line arised from the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) positive multiple myeloma aspirate subjected to the long-term cultivation. This cell line has acquired the ability to form free-floating spheres and to produce a xenograft upon transplantation into NOD/SCID mice. Methods Cells from both in vitro culture and developed xenografts were investigated with a number of analytical approaches, including pathomorphological analysis, FISH analysis, and analysis of the surface antigens and of the VDJ locus rearrangement. Results The obtained results, as well as the confirmed presence of EBV, testify that both biological systems are derived from B-cells, which, in turn, is a progeny of the EBV-transformed B-cellular clone that supplanted the primordial multiple myeloma cells. Next we assessed whether cells that (i) were constantly present in vitro in the investigated cell line, (ii) were among the sphere-forming cells, and (iii) were capable of internalizing a fluorescent TAMRA-labeled DNA probe (TAMRA+ cells) belonged to one of the three types of undifferentiated bone marrow cells of a multiple myeloma patient: CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells, CD90+ mesenchymal stem cells, and clonotypic multiple myeloma cell. Conclusion TAMRA+ cells were shown to constitute the fourth independent subpopulation of undifferentiated bone marrow cells of the multiple myeloma patient. We have demonstrated the formation of ectopic contacts between TAMRA+ cells and cells of other types in culture, in particular with CD90+ mesenchymal stem cells, followed by the transfer of some TAMRA+ cell material into the contacted cell