Change in intraindividual ICHD-II headache diagnosis over time: A follow-up of the DMKG headache study

Background: Change in headache diagnoses over time within the same individual is not well studied in the adult population. In this study, we prospectively examined the individual variation of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) diagnoses over time. Methods: As part of the epidemiological Deutsche Migrane und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (DMKG) headache study, 1312 participants were personally interviewed and 1122 responded to a second mailed questionnaire 2.2 years later. Headaches were assigned to migraine or TTH at two different points in time using the International Headache Classification, ICHD-II. We used broad (definite and probable subtypes) and strict (only definite type) definitions of migraine and TTH. Results: Using the broad definition increased the reproducibility of migraine diagnosis from 48.0% to 62.0% and of TTH from 59.0% to 65.0%. A constant TTH diagnosis was related to a higher social status (OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.43-5.53) a higher level of education (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.00-3.85) and physical inactivity (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.16-4.49). A constant diagnosis of definite migraine was associated with severe headache (OR 2.64; 95% CI 0.97-7.21) and frequent use of headache medication (OR 4.73; 95% CI 0.95-23.60). The result that coexisting TTH decreased the likelihood of a constant migraine (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.10-0.85) is assumed to indicate response variability. Conclusions: In epidemiological studies, definite and probable subtypes should be included in the diagnosis to increase the diagnostic accuracy

Relations between measures of executive functions and self-regulation in preschoolers

"Performance on different measures of executive functions (EF) and self-regulation (SR) does not always correspond to the behaviour children show in real-life situations. The present study assesses the relationships between performances on different EF and SR measures and teacher ratings of children’s selfcontrol and thoughtfulness. In total, 217 children between 34 and 72 months (54% boys) were assessed. Four tests measuring cognitive EF (Digit Span backward, Block Recall, Day-Night Stroop, Hearts and Flowers) and two tests measuring behavioural EF (Tower) and SR (Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders [HTKS]) were administered. Additionally, teachers rated the dimension ‘self-control and thoughtfulness’ of the German observation scale ‘Social‐emotional well‐being and resilience of children in early childhood settings’ (PERiK). It was found that all measures differentiated with regard to age in the range of three to six years. Correlations between cognitive EF measures with the HTKS were almost twice as high as correlations with the Tower. This indicates that the HTKS taps similar processes as the cognitive EF measures. Teacher ratings did not show higher correlations with behavioural EF and SR than with cognitive EF measures. Also, behavioural EF and SR measures did not predict scores obtained on the teacher rating better than cognitive EF measure. This article discusses to what extent distinctions among measures of EF and SR are possible and useful." (author's abstract)"Die Leistung bei standardisierten Verfahren zur Erfassung der exekutiven Funktionen (EF) und Selbstregulation (SR) passt nicht immer zu dem Niveau an Selbstkontrolle, dass Kinder im Kindergartenalter in realen Situationen zeigen. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Leistungen bei verschiedenen Tests zu EF und SR und der Fremdeinschätzung der Selbstkontrolle, die die Kinder im Kindergartenalltag zeigen, durch pädagogische Fachkräfte. Insgesamt 217 Kinder zwischen 34 und 72 Monaten (54% Jungen) nahmen an der Studie teil. Vier Tests zu Erfassung der kognitiven EF (Zahlen nachsprechen rückwärts, Block Recall, Day-Night Stroop, Hearts and Flowers) und zwei Tests zur Erfassung der behavioralen EF (Turmbau) und der behavioralen SR (Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders [HKTS]) wurden durchgeführt. Darüber hinaus bewerteten pädagogische Fachkräfte die Kinder auf der Skala 'Selbstkontrolle und Rücksichtnahme' des deutschen Beobachtungsbogens 'Positive Entwicklung und Resilienz im Kindergartenalltag' (PERiK). Zusammenhänge zwischen den Messinstrumenten zur kognitiven EF mit den HKTS waren fast doppelt so hoch wie ihre Korrelationen mit dem Turmbau. Dieses Ergebnis weist darauf hin, dass der HTKS, ausgewiesen als Instrument zur Erfassung der behavioralen SR, ähnliche Konstrukte wie die Tests zur Erfassung der kognitiven EF misst. Die Bewertung des Kindesverhaltens durch die pädagogischen Fachkräfte zeigte keine höheren Korrelationen mit den behavioralen als mit den kognitiven Messinstrumenten. Auch die Einschätzung durch die pädagogischen Fachkräfte wird durch die behavioralen Messungen nicht besser vorhergesagt als durch die kognitiven Messungen, wie es erwartet wurde. Es wird diskutiert, inwieweit eine Unterscheidung in die beiden Kategorien von Messinstrumenten möglich und sinnvoll ist." (Autorenreferat

Change in intraindividual ICHD-II headache diagnosis over time: A follow-up of the DMKG headache study

Background: Change in headache diagnoses over time within the same individual is not well studied in the adult population. In this study, we prospectively examined the individual variation of migraine and tension-type headache (TTH) diagnoses over time. Methods: As part of the epidemiological Deutsche Migrane und Kopfschmerzgesellschaft (DMKG) headache study, 1312 participants were personally interviewed and 1122 responded to a second mailed questionnaire 2.2 years later. Headaches were assigned to migraine or TTH at two different points in time using the International Headache Classification, ICHD-II. We used broad (definite and probable subtypes) and strict (only definite type) definitions of migraine and TTH. Results: Using the broad definition increased the reproducibility of migraine diagnosis from 48.0% to 62.0% and of TTH from 59.0% to 65.0%. A constant TTH diagnosis was related to a higher social status (OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.43-5.53) a higher level of education (OR 1.96; 95% CI 1.00-3.85) and physical inactivity (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.16-4.49). A constant diagnosis of definite migraine was associated with severe headache (OR 2.64; 95% CI 0.97-7.21) and frequent use of headache medication (OR 4.73; 95% CI 0.95-23.60). The result that coexisting TTH decreased the likelihood of a constant migraine (OR 0.29; 95% CI 0.10-0.85) is assumed to indicate response variability. Conclusions: In epidemiological studies, definite and probable subtypes should be included in the diagnosis to increase the diagnostic accuracy

Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of a nurse-delivered intervention to improve adherence to treatment for HIV : a pragmatic, multicentre, open-label, randomised clinical trial

This trial was funded from public money by the Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (ZonMW; grant number 171002208). Aardex provided support on the development of the study website. We thank all the HIV nurses and physicians from the seven HIV clinics involved in the AIMS study for their input and collaboration (Academic Medical Centre, Slotervaart hospital, and St. Lucas-Andreas hospital, all in Amsterdam; the Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden; HAGA hospital, The Hague; Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam; and Isala clinic, Zwolle), the study participants, and the Stichting HIV Monitoring (SHM) for their support in accessing the SHM database for identifying patient inclusion criteria and developing the Markov model. Finally, we thank and remember Herman Schaalma (deceased) for his contribution to the study design and grant application.Peer reviewedPostprin

James Blair Historical Review

The mission of the James Blair Historical Review is to publish the College of William and Mary’s best undergraduate history research papers, and thereby showcase the talent of the College’s history students and the strength of her Department of History. The Historical Review seeks to provide a professional platform through which students can explore historically significant themes and issues.The Field of Cloth of Gold: Henry VIII’s Display of Princely Magnificence -Ami Limoncelli Sacrifice and Salvation: Religious Drama in Colonial Mexico -Andrew DiAntonio Insurrections and Independence: How the Gunpowder Incident Thrust British and Afro-Virginians into the American Revolution -Nicole Lidstrom “Black as an Indian and Dirty as a Pig” The Unexpected Perseverance of Female Hospital Workers during America’s Civil War -Anna Storm Australian Aboriginal Rights The 1967 Referendum -Lisa Keppl

EMIL - ein Kindergarten-Konzept zur Stärkung der Selbstregulation durch Förderung der exekutiven Funktionen

"Der Beitrag beschreibt EMIL, eine Qualifizierungsmaßnahme für pädagogische Fachkräfte in Kindertageseinrichtungen. EMIL wurde mit dem Ziel konzipiert, die Selbstregulation der Kinder zu stärken. Die Fachkräfte werden angeregt, auf der Grundlage von Erkenntnissen zu den exekutiven Funktionen, den eigenen pädagogischen Alltag durch die 'EMIL-Brille' zu betrachten und zu reflektieren. Die Grundlagen, die Vorgehensweise und die Inhalte der Qualifizierung werden hier dargestellt." (Autorenreferat)"This article introduces EMIL, a course for teachers in early childhood centers. EMIL’s goal is to promote the self-regulation of children. On the basis of knowledge about executive functions, EMIL encourages teachers to reflect upon their daily work through the 'EMIL glasses', identifying strengths as well as routines to improve the self-regulation of children. The article discusses the scientific background, the procedures and the content of this course." (author's abstract

Cost-effectiveness and Cost-utility of the Adherence Improving Self-management Strategy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care : A Trial-based Economic Evaluation

This study was funded by ZonMw (the Netherlands), program Doelmatigheidsonderzoek (grant number 171002208). This funding source had no role in study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation, or writing of the report. All authors declare that they have no competing interests. We thank the HIV-nurses and physicians from the seven HIV-clinics who were involved in the AIMSstudy (Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam; Slotervaart Hospital, Amsterdam; St. Lucas-Andreas Hospital, Amsterdam; the Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden; Haga Teaching Hospital, Den Haag; Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Isala Clinics, Zwolle) for their input and collaboration. We also would like to express our gratitude to the study participants. Written informed consent was obtained from each patient. The study has been approved by the ethics committee of each participating center.Peer reviewedPostprin

Intelligence and working memory control: Evidence from the WISC-IV administration to Italian children

Working memory (WM) has been associated with general intelligence (GI). However, evidence is contradictory, as the relationship has in some cases resulted to be very high, and in other cases very low. To explain these differences, it has been argued that WM is an articulated system and only its more attentional components are strictly related with GI. In particular, it has been argued that WM tasks can be located – according to the task characteristics and the subject's age – along a continuum, from the most passive tasks, which do not require cognitive control, to the most active tasks, which do require high cognitive control. The present study tested this hypothesis using data collected during the standardization of the Italian version of the WISC-IV. WISC-IV, includes four measures, i.e. the arithmetic test, the letter-number sequencing test, the backward and the forward digit span tests, which represent decreasing levels of cognitive control. The analysis of correlations between the four tasks and a measure of GI – obtained with the six basic tasks (related to verbal comprehension and perceptual reasoning, but not to working memory) – confirmed the hypothesis and showed that the pattern of correlations only slightly changes across ages