16 research outputs found

    Use of cell therapy with autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells in transplantation and inflammatory diseases

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    Diverses Ă©tudes, dont celles menĂ©es par l’équipe de MC CUTURI, ont montrĂ© l’efficacitĂ© de la thĂ©rapie cellulaire Ă  l’aide de cellules dendritiques tolĂ©rogĂšnes dans le contrĂŽle du rejet de greffe chez le rongeur. L’originalitĂ© de nos travaux rĂ©side dans l’utilisation de cellules autologues, les ATDC (Autologous Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells). Dans l’optique de leur application clinique en transplantation rĂ©nale, les ATDC ont Ă©tĂ© gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es chez des volontaires sains. Le premier objectif de ma thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© de valider le procĂ©dĂ© de fabrication de grade clinique des ATDC humaines. De plus, ces travaux ont montrĂ© que les ATDC gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es Ă  partir de monocytes de patients atteints d’insuffisance rĂ©nale prĂ©sentent les mĂȘmes propriĂ©tĂ©s tolĂ©rogĂšnes in vitro que celles issues de volontaires sains. Enfin, les ATDC humaines, Ă  l’instar de leurs analogues murines, sont capables de rĂ©aliser une prĂ©sentation croisĂ©e d’antigĂšne. Le second objectif a Ă©tĂ© d’étudier le rĂŽle du rĂ©cepteur Ă  la fractalkine, le CX3CR1, fortement exprimĂ© par nos cellules. Mes rĂ©sultats indiquent que l’absence de CX3CR1 ne modifie pas la gĂ©nĂ©ration des ATDC murines, ni leur survie, ou leur capacitĂ© de rĂ©gulation des LT in vitro. Le troisiĂšme objectif de cette thĂšse a Ă©tĂ© d’élargir l’utilisation des ATDC murines Ă  d’autres pathologies inflammatoires. Bien qu’elles ne semblent pas inhiber le dĂ©veloppement de la colite, les ATDC protĂšgent les souris de l’induction de l’asthme allergique. Ces rĂ©sultats ont permis Ă  l’équipe de rĂ©aliser le premier essai clinique de thĂ©rapie cellulaire Ă  l’aide de TolDC en transplantation rĂ©nale. Cet essai de phase I/II permettra d’étudier l'innocuitĂ© et l'efficacitĂ© des ATDC puis potentiellement d’étendre l'utilisation clinique des ATDC, notamment chez des patients asthmatiques.Various studies, including those done by our team, have demonstrated the efficacy of cell therapy using tolerogenic dendritic cells in the control of rodent transplant rejection. The originality of our work comes from the use of autologous cells, ATDCs (Autologous Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells). In a purpose of their clinical application in renal transplantation, the ATDCs were generated in healthy volunteers. The first objective of my thesis was to validate the clinical grade manufacturing process of human ATDCs. Furthermore, this work has shown that ATDCs generated from monocytes in patients with renal insufficiency have the same in vitro tolerogenic properties as those from healthy volunteers. Finally, as in mice, human ATDCs are able to cross-present antigen. The second objective was to study the role of the fractalkine receptor, CX3CR1, strongly expressed by our cells. My results indicate that the absence of CX3CR1 does not alter the generation of murine ATDCs, nor their survival, nor their ability to regulate LTs in vitro. The third objective of this thesis was to broaden the use of murine ATDCs to other inflammatory pathologies. Although they do not seem to inhibit the development of colitis, ATDCs protect mice from the induction of allergic asthma. These results allowed the team to perform the first clinical trial of cell therapy using TolDC in renal transplantation. This phase I/II trial will investigate the safety and efficacy of ATDCs and potentially extend the clinical use of ATDCs, particularly in asthmatic patients

    Potentiel immunomodulateur des bactéries du lait maternel humain sur différents modÚles cellulaires

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    International audienceBreastfeeding is recommended by the WHO for the first 6 months of life. Compared to infant formula (IF), human milk (HM) provides healthbenefits, including protection against intestinal and respiratory infections in early childhood and a lower risk of metabolic and immunediseases later in life. Discrepancies in health benefits are probably due to different nutritional and non-nutritional composition between IF andHM, the latter being more complex and richer in bioactive components.Our hypothesis is that HM health benefits come in part from the bacteria of the HM microbiota, which may promote the maturation of the immune system through their role on gut immune homeostasis. This study aimed to better understand the immunomodulatory role of HM bacteria. Bacteria were isolated from healthy breast milk and screened for their immunomodulatory potential on two different cellular models: PBMC (blood mononuclear cell) from 2 healthy donors and a multicellular model of intestinal epithelium enterocytes (Caco2), caliciform cells (HT 29-MTX), M cells (differentiated Caco2) and macrophages (THP-1).L'allaitement maternel est recommandĂ© par l'OMS pour le nourrisson jusqu’à l’ñge de 6 mois. Il apporte des bĂ©nĂ©fices santĂ© non retrouvĂ©s avec les prĂ©parations pour nourrissons. Notre hypothĂšse est que le microbiote du lait maternel humain (LH) participe aux bĂ©nĂ©fices santĂ© du LH en favorisant notamment la maturation du systĂšme immunitaire.Cette Ă©tude visait Ă  mieux comprendre le rĂŽle immunomodulateur des bactĂ©ries du LH. Des bactĂ©ries ont Ă©tĂ© isolĂ©es Ă  partir de 28 Ă©chantillons de LH sains et leur potentiel immunomodulateur a Ă©tĂ© analysĂ© sur deux modĂšles cellulaires (cellules immunitaires et un modĂšle quadricellulaire d'Ă©pithĂ©lium intestinal).1245 isolats rĂ©partis en 26 genres et 56 espĂšces ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s. La stimulation de la production de cytokines de 88 isolats, sĂ©lectionnĂ©s sur la base de leur prĂ©valence et de leur abondance dans le LH, a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e sur un modĂšle de cellules mononuclĂ©Ă©es du sang pĂ©riphĂ©rique humain (PBMC). Les isolats ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©partis en 4 groupes selon la rĂ©ponse cytokinique des PBMC. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s immunomodulatrices (rĂ©ponses IL-10 et TNF-α) de 28 souches reprĂ©sentatives ont ensuite Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es sur un modĂšle quadricellulaire d'Ă©pithĂ©lium intestinal constituĂ© d’entĂ©rocytes (Caco2), de cellules caliciformes (HT 29-MTX), de cellules M, et de macrophages (THP-1). Le potentiel immunomodulateur des bactĂ©ries du LH Ă©tait spĂ©cifique de l'espĂšce et de la souche. Certains isolats avaient un profil anti-inflammatoire, tandis que d’autres combinaient Ă  la fois un profil anti et pro-inflammatoire, ces 2 types de profil pouvant prĂ©senter un intĂ©rĂȘt pour favoriser la maturation du systĂšme immunitaire du nourrisson. Aucune bactĂ©rie n'a montrĂ© d'effets dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres majeurs (impact sur la barriĂšre, translocation bactĂ©rienne forte) sur les 2 modĂšles cellulaires. Les effets synergiques de ces bactĂ©ries assemblĂ©es dans des consortia vont ĂȘtre Ă©tudiĂ©s sur le modĂšle quadricellulaire avant de caractĂ©riser leur impact physiologique in vivo

    Potentiel immunomodulateur des bactéries du lait maternel humain sur différents modÚles cellulaires

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    Projet ProlificInternational audienceIntroduction et but de l’étudeL'allaitement maternel est recommandĂ© par l'Organisation Mondiale de la SantĂ© pendant les six premiers mois de vie du nourrisson. Il renforce notamment les dĂ©fenses immunitaires de l’enfant et diminue les risques de maladies mĂ©taboliques et immunitaires Ă  l'Ăąge adulte. De nombreux composĂ©s bioactifs spĂ©cifiquement apportĂ©s par le lait humain (LH) participent Ă  ces bĂ©nĂ©fices santĂ© en favorisant le dĂ©veloppement du systĂšme immunitaire et de la barriĂšre intestinale du nourrisson et l’implantation d’un microbiote bĂ©nĂ©fique. Notre hypothĂšse est que le microbiotenaturel du LH contribue Ă  la mise en place de l’homĂ©ostasie intestinale du nourrisson. L’objectif de cette Ă©tude est de caractĂ©riser in vitro le rĂŽleimmunomodulateur des bactĂ©ries du LH en utilisant 2 modĂšles cellulaires : des cellules immunitaires et un modĂšle quadricellulaire d'Ă©pithĂ©lium intestinal.MatĂ©riel et MĂ©thodesVingt-huit Ă©chantillons de LH ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©s chez des femmes en bonne santĂ©, Ă  environ 1 mois de lactation. 1264 isolats bactĂ©riens appartenant Ă  29 genres et 56 espĂšces diffĂ©rentes ont Ă©tĂ© identifiĂ©s. Un premier modĂšle de cellules mononuclĂ©Ă©es du sang pĂ©riphĂ©rique humain (PBMC) a Ă©tĂ© stimulĂ© par 88 isolats sĂ©lectionnĂ©s sur la base de leur prĂ©valence et de la reprĂ©sentativitĂ© des genres bactĂ©riens du microbiote du LH (en absence de toute infection). La rĂ©ponse en IL-10 et TNF-α a permis de sĂ©lectionner 28 candidats d'intĂ©rĂȘts dont les propriĂ©tĂ©s immunomodulatrices, la capacitĂ© de translocation et l‘impact sur la barriĂšre ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s avec un modĂšle quadricellulaire d'Ă©pithĂ©lium intestinal sur insert comportant un compartiment apical (dans lequel les bactĂ©ries sont dĂ©posĂ©es) constituĂ© d’entĂ©rocytes (Caco2), de cellules caliciformes (HT 29-MTX) et de cellules M, et un compartiment basolatĂ©ral contenant des macrophages (THP-1 diffĂ©renciĂ©s).RĂ©sultats et Analyses statistiquesLes profils cytokiniques obtenus avec les PBMC ont permis de classer les 88 isolats en 4 groupes en fonction de leur capacitĂ© Ă  stimuler la sĂ©crĂ©tion d'IL-10 (de 0 Ă  5532 pg/ÎŒL, mĂ©diane = 352 pg/ÎŒL) et/ou de TNF-α (de 12 Ă  24000 pg/ÎŒL, mĂ©diane = 3090 pg/ÎŒL) : anti-inflammatoire (20 isolats), pro-inflammatoire (10 isolats), immunostimulateur (49 isolats), et faiblement stimulateur (9 isolats). Parmi ceux-ci, 28 isolats avec des profils anti-flammatoires ou immunostimulateurs, susceptibles de stimuler le systĂšme immunitaire du nourrisson, ont Ă©tĂ© sĂ©lectionnĂ©s. Ces 28isolats montrent une faible capacitĂ© de translocation et aucun effet dĂ©lĂ©tĂšre sur la rĂ©sistance transĂ©pithĂ©liale Ă©valuĂ©e avec le modĂšle quadricellulaire. La sĂ©crĂ©tion d’IL10 dans le compartiment apical (de 0 Ă  234 pg/ÎŒL, mĂ©diane = 3 pg/ÎŒL) et basal (de 0 Ă  49 pg/ÎŒL, mĂ©diane = 18 pg/ÎŒL) et de TNF-α, essentiellement dans le compartiment basal (de 5 Ă  983 pg/ÎŒL ; mĂ©diane = 84 pg/ÎŒL) a permis de classer les 28 isolats en 3 groupes : anti-inflammatoire (5 isolats correspondants notamment aux genres Bifidobacterium, Cutibacterium, Streptococcus), immunostimulateur (4 isolats appartenant notamment aux genres Lactobacillus, Cutibacterium, Micrococcus), et faiblement stimulateur (19 isolats). L'Ă©tude del'expression de diffĂ©rents gĂšnes d'intĂ©rĂȘts (fonction barriĂšre, systĂšme immunitaire) par les cellules du modĂšle quadricellulaire est en cours, afin d'affiner les propriĂ©tĂ©s des bactĂ©ries. ConclusionCette Ă©tude souligne le potentiel immunomodulateur des bactĂ©ries du LH, celui-ci dĂ©pend de l'espĂšce et de la souche. Certains isolats ont un profil anti-inflammatoire, tandis que d’autres combinent Ă  la fois un profil anti et pro-inflammatoire, ces 2 types de profil pouvant prĂ©senter un intĂ©rĂȘt pour lamaturation du systĂšme immunitaire du nourrisson. Les bactĂ©ries sĂ©lectionnĂ©es au long de l'Ă©tude n'ont pas montrĂ© d'effets dĂ©lĂ©tĂšres sur les modĂšles. Les travaux se poursuivent sur les effets synergiques de ces bactĂ©ries en les associant de maniĂšre Ă  obtenir des consortia bactĂ©riens prĂ©sentant des profils distincts : anti-inflammatoire ou immunostimulateur

    Validation d'un questionnaire spécifique des troubles anorectaux dans la sclérose en plaques: STAR-Q

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    International audienceBackground: Bowel symptoms are commonly experienced by patients with Multiple sclerosis (PwMS), but no specific questionnaire validated in this population allows a rigorous assessment. Objective: Validation of a multidimensional questionnaire assessing bowel disorders in PwMS. Methods: A prospective, multicenter study was conducted between April 2020 and April 2021. The STAR-Q (Symptoms’ assessmenT of AnoRectal dysfunction Questionnaire), was built in 3 steps. First, literature review and qualitative interviews were performed to create the first version, discussed with a panel of experts. Then, a pilot study assessed comprehension, acceptation and pertinence of items. Finally, the validation study was designed to measure content validity, internal consistency reliability (alpha coefficient of Cronbach) and test–retest reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)]. The primary outcome was good psychometric properties with Cronbach's α > 0.7 and ICC > 0.7. Results: We included 231 PwMS. Comprehension, acceptation and pertinence were good. STAR-Q showed a very good internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.84) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.89). Final version of STAR-Q was composed of 3 domains corresponding in symptoms (Q1–Q14), treatment and constraints (Q15–Q18) and impact on quality of life (Q19). Three categories of severity were determined (STAR-Q ≀ 16: minor, between 17 and 20: moderate, and ≄ 21: severe). Conclusions: STAR-Q presents very good psychometric properties and allows a multidimensional assessment of bowel disorders in PwMS. Level of evidence:

    Preclinical Assessment of Autologous Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells From End-stage Renal Disease Patients

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    International audienceBackground: Kidney transplantation is the therapeutic of choice for patients with kidney failure. While immunosuppressive drugs can control graft rejection, their use is associated with increased infections and cancer, and they do not effectively control chronic graft rejection. Cell therapy is an attractive strategy to minimize the use of pharmacological drugs.Methods: We recently developed a protocol to generate human monocyte-derived autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells (ATDCs) from healthy volunteers. Herein, we transferred the ATDC manufacturing protocol to a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-compliant facility. Furthermore, we compared the phenotype and in vitro functions of ATDCs generated from patients with end-stage renal disease to those generated from healthy volunteers.Results: We describe the critical steps for GMP-compliant production of ATDCs and define the quality criteria required to allow release of the cell products. Furthermore, we showed that ATDCs generated from healthy volunteers and patients with kidney failure display the same tolerogenic profile based on their phenotype, resistance to maturation, and ability to modulate T-cell responses.Conclusions: Together, these results allowed us to define the production process and the quality criteria for the release of ATDCs before their administration in patients receiving a kidney transplant

    Immunomodulatory potential of bacteria isolated from human breast milk on different cellular models

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    Le CBL (Club des Bactéries Lactiques) est une manifestation scientifique qui réunit chercheurs, enseignants-chercheurs et industriels R&D, pour échanger sur les avancées scientifiques et techniques réalisées dans le domaine des bactéries lactiques. Les thÚmes abordés sont le reflet des larges potentiels de ces bactéries et de leurs applications : fermentation alimentaire, santé humaine et animale, probiotique, environnement
International audienceBreastfeeding is recommended by the WHO for the first 6 months of life. It provides health benefits to infants compared to infant formula (IF), including protection against intestinal and respiratory infections in early childhood and a lower risk of metabolic and immune diseases later in life. These differences in health benefits are probably due to the difference in composition between IF and human milk (HM), the latter being more complex and richer in bioactive components. Our hypothesis is that HM health benefits come in part from the HM microbiota -a paucimicrobial ecosystem that presents a great bacterial diversity- through a role on gut immune homeostasis.This study aimed to better understand the immunomodulatory role of HM bacteria. To this end, bacteria were isolated from healthy breast milks and screened for their immunomodulatory potential on two different cellular models in order to select candidates with probiotic interest.The collection of 28 breast milks at the Rennes Sud University Hospital allowed the constitution of a strain library of 1164 isolates with 29 genera and 56 different species. From this library, 88 isolates selected for their prevalence in HM microbiota were first screened on PBMC (blood mononuclear cells) for the production of IL-10 and TNF-alpha cytokines. Among them, 28 isolates exhibiting interesting immunomodulatory properties on PBMC model underwent a second screening on a quadricellular model of intestinal epithelium including enterocytes (Caco2), caliciform cells (HT 29-MTX), M cells (differentiated Caco2) and macrophages (THP-1). This study showed the species- and strain-dependence of HM bacteria immunomodulatory potential and revealed interesting properties of HM bacteria in the context of infant immune system maturation. This study is part of the PROLIFIC project funded by the Régions Bretagne and Pays de la Loire and by the BBA MilkValley industrial consortium

    Les bactéries du lait maternel humain, individuellement ou assemblées en communautés synthétiques, ont un impact sur les fonctions immunitaire et barriÚre intestinales, in vitro.

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    International audienceL'allaitement confĂšre de nombreux bienfaits pour la santĂ©, en favorisant le dĂ©veloppement du systĂšme immunitaire et de la fonction barriĂšre de l’intestin chez les nourrissons. Notre hypothĂšse est que le microbiote du lait maternel humain contribue Ă  ces bĂ©nĂ©fices santĂ©. Notre objectif Ă©tait d'explorer le rĂŽle des bactĂ©ries du lait maternel, seules ou assemblĂ©es dans des communautĂ©s bactĂ©riennes synthĂ©tiques (SynCom), sur l'homĂ©ostasie intestinale. Une collection de bactĂ©ries, reflĂ©tant la composition du microbiote du lait, a Ă©tĂ© constituĂ©e Ă  partir de 28 donneuses en bonne santĂ©, allaitant exclusivement. Tout d'abord, le profil immunomodulateur de 84 souches reprĂ©sentatives de la diversitĂ© taxonomique du lait maternel a Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ© sur des cellules mononuclĂ©Ă©es du sang pĂ©riphĂ©rique (PBMC). Ensuite, un modĂšle quadricellulaire (Caco2, HT29-MTX-E12, cellules M, THP1) de l'Ă©pithĂ©lium intestinal a Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ© pour caractĂ©riser plus finement un sous-ensemble de 29 souches. Les isolats ont Ă©tĂ© caractĂ©risĂ©s pour leur capacitĂ© Ă  moduler la production d'IL-10 et de TNF-α et l'expression de gĂšnes associĂ©s notamment aux fonctions barriĂšre et immunitaire. Sur la base de ces rĂ©sultats, deux SynComs ont Ă©tĂ© crĂ©Ă©es et caractĂ©risĂ©es sur le modĂšle quadricellulaire.Les analyses intĂ©gratives « MultiDimensional Scaling » et sPLS-DA (sparse Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis) des variables mesurĂ©es sur le modĂšle PBMC puis sur le modĂšle quadricellulaire stimulĂ© avec les souches du lait maternel ont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© des groupes de souches ayant un impact diffĂ©rent sur la production de cytokines, l'expression de gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans l'immunitĂ©, la fonction barriĂšre et le signaling bactĂ©rien. Ces groupes fonctionnels sont trĂšs faiblement corrĂ©lĂ©s Ă  la taxonomie et leur composition souligne l’intĂ©rĂȘt de genres et d’espĂšces prĂ©valents du lait maternel (Staphylococcus, Cutibacterium
) au mĂȘme titre que des genres plus explorĂ©s dans ce contexte (Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus). Enfin, les souches assemblĂ©es dans deux SynComs reprĂ©sentatives du microbiote du lait (11 souches) ont prĂ©sentĂ© des propriĂ©tĂ©s immunomodulatrices contrastĂ©es. Cette Ă©tude montre la grande diversitĂ© de potentiel immunomodulateur et d'impact sur la fonction de barriĂšre des bactĂ©ries du lait maternel, individuellement ou assemblĂ©es en SynCom, soulignant le potentiel de ce microbiote pour moduler le dĂ©veloppement de l'homĂ©ostasie intestinale

    Human milk bacteria individually or as a synthetic community exhibited contrasted immunomodulatory profiles and impact on the gut epithelial barrier

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    International audienceBreastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of life. Many bioactive compounds of the human milk (HM) support the development of the intestinal immune system and barrier functions in infants. Our hypothesis was that HM microbiota contributes to these health benefits. Our objective was to characterise in vitro the role of HM bacteria, either individually or combined in synthetic communities (SynCom), on gut homeostasis.A collection of bacterial isolates, reflecting HM microbiota composition, was made from 28 healthy mothers exclusively breastfeeding. Firstly, the immunomodulatory profile of 84 HM bacterial isolates belonging to 38 species was characterized using blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Secondly, the impact of a subset of 29 strains was deeply investigated on epithelial immune and barrier functions using a quadricellular (Caco2, HT29-MTX-E12, M cell, THP1 cells) model of the intestinal epithelium. Strains were characterized for their ability to modulate cellular IL-10 and TNF-α production and the expression of genes related to the barrier, immune and apoptosis/proliferation functions. Based on these results, 2 SynComs were designed and characterized on the quadricellular model. HM bacteria displayed a large range of immunomodulatory properties. Using MultiDimensionate Scaling (MDS) on IL-10 and TNF-α production by PBMC, isolates were classified into 5 groups with specific signatures, highlighting the anti- and/or pro-inflammatory profiles of HM bacteria. Further, the MDS analysis of cytokine production and gene expressions of the quadricellular model stimulated by each of the 29 bacteria, classified strains into 3 groups named Quadri1, 2 and 3, according to their immunomodulatory activity and their impact on the epithelial barrier function. The composition of each group did not reveal major taxonomic biases between the 3 groups, but a diversity of the HM bacteria impact on gut epithelium within each genus or species. Quadri3 and, to a lesser extent, Quadri1 strains stimulated the immune function whereas Quadri2 hardly affected it. Besides, Quadri1 and 3 strains reinforced the epithelial barrier whereas an opposite effect was observed with Quadri2 strains. Finally, strains belonging to prevalent HM genera and with contrasted immunomodulatory profiles were assembled in two HM-like SynCom of 11 strains. The 2 Syncoms displayed different immunomodulatory properties, yet less contrasted than individual strains, whereas they both exhibited beneficial impact on barrier function.This study showed the great diversity of immunomodulatory potential and impact on the barrier function of HM bacteria, individually or assembled in SynCom, highlighting the potential of the HM microbiota to modulate the intestinal development

    Two human milk-like synthetic bacterial communities displayed contrasted impacts on barrier and immune responses in an intestinal quadricellular model

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    International audienceThe human milk (HM) microbiota, a highly diverse microbial ecosystem, is thought to contribute to the health benefits associated with breastfeeding, notably through its impact on infant gut microbiota. Our objective was to further explore the role of HM bacteria on gut homeostasis through a “disassembly/reassembly” strategy. HM strains covering the diversity of HM cultivable microbiota were first characterized individually and then assembled in synthetic bacterial communities (SynComs) using two human cellular models, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and a quadricellular model mimicking intestinal epithelium. Selected HM bacteria displayed a large range of immunomodulatory properties and had variable effects on epithelial barrier, allowing their classification in functional groups. This multispecies characterization of HM bacteria showed no clear association between taxonomy and HM bacteria impacts on epithelial immune and barrier functions, revealing the entirety and complexity of HM bacteria potential. More importantly, the assembly of HM strains in two SynComs with similar taxonomic composition but with strains that exhibited different properties individually, resulted in contrasted impacts on the epithelium, these impacts of SynComs partially diverging from the predicted ones based on individual bacteria. Overall, our results indicate that the functional properties of the HM bacterial community rather than the taxonomic composition itself could play a crucial role in intestinal homeostasis of infants
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