Planteamiento de indicadores de gestión para evaluar el desempeño financiero de la compañía “Agrícola el Sol S.A.” -Agrisolsa-, dedicada a la producción y comercialización de cacao, ubicada en la provincia de el Oro

El presente trabajo de investigación sobre el planteamiento de indicadores de gestión para evaluar el desempeño financiero de la empresa AGRISOLSA tiene como objetivo la propuesta de una herramienta de control de gestión que soporte la administración y permita evaluar constantemente las principales actividades realizadas dentro de la organización. La finalidad es lograr una gestión eficaz y eficiente, mediante toma de decisiones oportunas que permitan corregir y mejorar la actual y desafortunada situación financiera de la empresa. La investigación comprende varias secciones explicadas en el desarrollo de la misma, de una forma lógica y sistemática. En la sección I (Capítulo I) se diagnosticó la situación económica-financiera actual la empresa a través de la elaboración del FODA y la planificación estratégica, para lo cual se partió de la descripción de los problemas como base de un análisis interno y externo de la situación de la compañía; es decir, de las fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas. Se tomó en cuenta en las secciones posteriores, las áreas críticas detectadas a través de la matriz FODA que permitan el planteamiento de indicadores que evalúen la gestión financiera y operacional de dichas áreas. Adicionalmente, en esta sección, se investigó sobre la gestión financiera realizada por los directivos, responsables del manejo de AGRISOLSA en los últimos cuatro años; identificando así, las decisiones más relevantes tomadas en búsqueda de convertir sus recursos disponibles en recursos productivos. Al final, se detalló una de las partes más importantes de este trabajo, el proceso de obtener el activo biológico (plantaciones) y el proceso de obtener el producto biológico (cacao en grano); esto con el objetivo de conocer a fondo el conjunto de operaciones o actividades realizadas por AGRISOLSA y evaluar posteriormente, si éstas han sido desarrolladas correctamente; de tal forma que se haya utilizado la menor cantidad de recursos y se hayan cumplido los objetivos de la compañía. En la sección II (Capítulo II), básicamente se establece conceptos sobre los indicadores de gestión, sus objetivos, características y su clasificación de acuerdo a la Superintendencia de Compañías. Y una vez que se tuvo en claro la información necesaria sobre los conceptos básicos de los indicadores, en la sección III (Capítulo III), se procedió al planteamiento de los indicadores de gestión financiera y de operación aplicables para la compañía. Para esto, se utilizó la información recolectada durante toda la investigación, sea por fuentes internas (AGRISOLSA) o fuentes externas (libros, internet, folletos, etc.

A História da Alimentação: balizas historiográficas

Os M. pretenderam traçar um quadro da História da Alimentação, não como um novo ramo epistemológico da disciplina, mas como um campo em desenvolvimento de práticas e atividades especializadas, incluindo pesquisa, formação, publicações, associações, encontros acadêmicos, etc. Um breve relato das condições em que tal campo se assentou faz-se preceder de um panorama dos estudos de alimentação e temas correia tos, em geral, segundo cinco abardagens Ia biológica, a econômica, a social, a cultural e a filosófica!, assim como da identificação das contribuições mais relevantes da Antropologia, Arqueologia, Sociologia e Geografia. A fim de comentar a multiforme e volumosa bibliografia histórica, foi ela organizada segundo critérios morfológicos. A seguir, alguns tópicos importantes mereceram tratamento à parte: a fome, o alimento e o domínio religioso, as descobertas européias e a difusão mundial de alimentos, gosto e gastronomia. O artigo se encerra com um rápido balanço crítico da historiografia brasileira sobre o tema

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Programa de motivación continua en el aprendizaje del idioma inglés en estudiantes del primer ciclo de la Escuela Profesional de Idiomas de la Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 2016-I

El aprendizaje del idioma inglés implica tanto el aspecto cognoscitivo como el afectivo, lo cual constituye uno de los aspectos más importantes pues para lograr el objetivo se debe tener en cuenta la motivación como factor preponderante en lo que respecta el aprendizaje del ser humano con los pensamientos, sentimientos y emociones que este posee. El programa de motivación continua va a permitir que los estudiantes afronten situaciones difíciles en el aprendizaje del idioma inglés y finalmente alcancen las metas propuestas mediante la puesta en práctica de los módulos y talleres que contienen estrategias que los ayuden a enfrentar y asumir riesgos, disminuir la ansiedad, además de usar estrategias individuales y de grupo. Este trabajo posee metodología experimental en la que se aplicó el programa de motivación continua para brindar a los estudiantes condiciones que le sirvan de apoyo para el aprendizaje del idioma inglés al inicio de su carrera. Los resultados muestran que este programa sirvió de gran apoyo para poder concluir satisfactoriamente el primer curso del idioma inglés lo que servirá como motivación en su desarrollo profesional. En las conclusiones se determinó que el programa de motivación continua tiene efecto significativo en el aprendizaje del idioma inglés en los estudiantes del primer ciclo de la Escuela Profesional de Idiomas de la Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 2016-I.Learning English implies both the cognitive aspect and the afective one which constitute one of the most important aspects because to reach the objective it has to take into account the motivation as a preponderant factor to the learning of human beings with the thinking, feelings and emotions that they have. The Program of continuing motivation is going to allow students to face difficult situations in the learning of English, but finally they will reach the goals proposed because of the practice of modules and workshops it contains facing and assuming challenges, lowering anxiety and use of individual and group strategies. This work has an experimental methodology as it was applied the Program of continuous motivation to give the students conditions to be used as support to the English learning at the beginning of his career. The results of this work show that this program was useful to finish with good grades the first course of English and it will be useful also in their professional development. In the conclusions it is determined that the Program of continuing motivation has a significative effect in the learning of English in the first cycle-students of the Professional School of Languages in the National University of San Martin.Trabajo de investigaciónAp

A Murine Model of Candida glabrata Vaginitis Shows No Evidence of an Inflammatory Immunopathogenic Response.

Candida glabrata is the second most common organism isolated from women with vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), particularly in women with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. However, mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of C. glabrata-associated VVC are unknown and have not been studied at any depth in animal models. The objective of this study was to evaluate host responses to infection following efforts to optimize a murine model of C. glabrata VVC. For this, various designs were evaluated for consistent experimental vaginal colonization (i.e., type 1 and type 2 diabetic mice, exogenous estrogen, varying inocula, and co-infection with C. albicans). Upon model optimization, vaginal fungal burden and polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) recruitment were assessed longitudinally over 21 days post-inoculation, together with vaginal concentrations of IL-1β, S100A8 alarmin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and in vivo biofilm formation. Consistent and sustained vaginal colonization with C. glabrata was achieved in estrogenized streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice. Vaginal PMN infiltration was consistently low, with IL-1β, S100A8, and LDH concentrations similar to uninoculated mice. Biofilm formation was not detected in vivo, and co-infection with C. albicans did not induce synergistic immunopathogenic effects. This data suggests that experimental vaginal colonization of C. glabrata is not associated with an inflammatory immunopathogenic response or biofilm formation

Programa de motivación continua en el aprendizaje del idioma inglés en estudiantes del primer ciclo de la Escuela Profesional de Idiomas de la Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 2016-I

El aprendizaje del idioma inglés implica tanto el aspecto cognoscitivo como el afectivo, lo cual constituye uno de los aspectos más importantes pues para lograr el objetivo se debe tener en cuenta la motivación como factor preponderante en lo que respecta el aprendizaje del ser humano con los pensamientos, sentimientos y emociones que este posee. El programa de motivación continua va a permitir que los estudiantes afronten situaciones difíciles en el aprendizaje del idioma inglés y finalmente alcancen las metas propuestas mediante la puesta en práctica de los módulos y talleres que contienen estrategias que los ayuden a enfrentar y asumir riesgos, disminuir la ansiedad, además de usar estrategias individuales y de grupo. Este trabajo posee metodología experimental en la que se aplicó el programa de motivación continua para brindar a los estudiantes condiciones que le sirvan de apoyo para el aprendizaje del idioma inglés al inicio de su carrera. Los resultados muestran que este programa sirvió de gran apoyo para poder concluir satisfactoriamente el primer curso del idioma inglés lo que servirá como motivación en su desarrollo profesional. En las conclusiones se determinó que el programa de motivación continua tiene efecto significativo en el aprendizaje del idioma inglés en los estudiantes del primer ciclo de la Escuela Profesional de Idiomas de la Universidad Nacional de San Martín, 2016-I.Learning English implies both the cognitive aspect and the afective one which constitute one of the most important aspects because to reach the objective it has to take into account the motivation as a preponderant factor to the learning of human beings with the thinking, feelings and emotions that they have. The Program of continuing motivation is going to allow students to face difficult situations in the learning of English, but finally they will reach the goals proposed because of the practice of modules and workshops it contains facing and assuming challenges, lowering anxiety and use of individual and group strategies. This work has an experimental methodology as it was applied the Program of continuous motivation to give the students conditions to be used as support to the English learning at the beginning of his career. The results of this work show that this program was useful to finish with good grades the first course of English and it will be useful also in their professional development. In the conclusions it is determined that the Program of continuing motivation has a significative effect in the learning of English in the first cycle-students of the Professional School of Languages in the National University of San Martin.Trabajo de investigaciónAp

Immune Protection against Lethal Fungal-Bacterial Intra-Abdominal Infections

Polymicrobial intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) are clinically prevalent and cause significant morbidity and mortality, especially those involving fungi. Our laboratory developed a mouse model of IAI and demonstrated that intraperitoneal inoculation with Candida albicans or other virulent non-albicans Candida (NAC) species plus Staphylococcus aureus resulted in 70 to 80% mortality in 48 to 72 h due to robust local and systemic inflammation (sepsis). Surprisingly, inoculation with Candida dubliniensis or Candida glabrata with S. aureus resulted in minimal mortality, and rechallenge of these mice with lethal C. albicans/S. aureus (i.e., coninfection) resulted in >90% protection. The purpose of this study was to define requirements for C. dubliniensis/S. aureus-mediated protection and interrogate the mechanism of the protective response. Protection was conferred by C. dubliniensis alone or by killed C. dubliniensis plus live S. aureus. S. aureus alone was not protective, and killed S. aureus compromised C. dubliniensis-induced protection. C. dubliniensis/S. aureus also protected against lethal challenge by NAC plus S. aureus and could protect for a long-term duration (60 days between primary challenge and C. albicans/S. aureus rechallenge). Unexpectedly, mice deficient in T and B cells (Rag-1 knockouts [KO]) survived both the initial C. dubliniensis/S. aureus challenge and the C. albicans/S. aureus rechallenge, indicating that adaptive immunity did not play a role. Similarly, mice depleted of macrophages prior to rechallenge were also protected. In contrast, protection was associated with high numbers of Gr-1hi polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) in peritoneal lavage fluid within 4 h of rechallenge, and in vivo depletion of Gr-1+ cells prior to rechallenge abrogated protection. These results suggest that Candida species can induce protection against a lethal C. albicans/S. aureus IAI that is mediated by PMNLs and postulated to be a unique form of trained innate immunity

Effect of diabetic condition and estrogen treatment on fungal burden.

<p>To induce diabetes, mice were injected with STZ as described in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0147969#pone.0147969.g001" target="_blank">Fig 1</a>. STZ-treated diabetic (closed circle) (n = 7 or 8) or non-diabetic (open circle) (n = 2 or 3) mice were estrogenized (0.1 mg in sesame oil subcutaneously 72 h prior to inoculation) and inoculated with 1x10⁷ CFUs of <i>C</i>. <i>glabrata</i><b>(A)</b>. STZ-treated diabetic mice (n = 4/group) were subcutaneously injected with 0.1 mg of estrogen in sesame oil (closed circle) or sesame oil alone (open circle) 72 h prior to inoculation with 1x10⁷<i>C</i>. <i>glabrata</i><b>(B)</b>. Fungal burden was assessed longitudinally on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 in vaginal lavage fluids. Diabetic mice often succumb to uncontrolled diabetes that resulted in reduced numbers of mice/group for latter time points. Results are expressed as median CFU and are cumulative of two repeat experiments. Data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Significance is denoted as *, <i>P</i><0.05; **, <i>P</i>>0.01. Abbreviation: STZ, streptozotocin; CFU, colony forming unit.</p