Health and social problems associated with recent Novel Psychoactive Substance (NPS) use amongst marginalised, nightlife and online users in six European countries.

Continued diversification and use of new psychoactive substances (NPS) across Europe remains a public health challenge. The study describes health and social consequences of recent NPS use as reported in a survey of marginalised, nightlife and online NPS users in the Netherlands, Hungary, Portugal, Ireland, Germany and Poland (n = 3023). Some respondents were unable to categorise NPS they had used. Use of ‘herbal blends’ and ‘synthetic cannabinoids obtained pure’ was most reported in Germany, Poland and Hungary, and use of ‘branded stimulants’ and ‘stimulants/empathogens/nootropics obtained pure’ was most reported in the Netherlands. Increased heart rate and palpitation, dizziness, anxiety, horror trips and headaches were most commonly reported acute side effects. Marginalised users reported substantially more acute side effects, more mid- and long-term mental and physical problems, and more social problems. Development of country-specific NPS awareness raising initiatives, health and social service needs assessments, and targeted responses are warranted

Select Neurocognitive Impairment in HIV-Infected Women: Associations with HIV Viral Load, Hepatitis C Virus, and Depression, but Not Leukocyte Telomere Length

Background Through implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) remarkable gains have been achieved in the management of HIV infection; nonetheless, the neurocognitive consequences of infection remain a pivotal concern in the cART era. Research has often employed norm-referenced neuropsychological scores, derived from healthy populations (excluding many seronegative individuals at high risk for HIV infection), to characterize impairments in predominately male HIV-infected populations. Methods Using matched-group methodology, we assessed 81 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) women with established neuropsychological measures validated for detection of HIV-related impairments, as well as additional detailed tests of executive function and decision-making from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Results On validated tests, the HIV+ women exhibited impairments that were limited to significantly slower information processing speed when compared with 45 HIV-seronegative (HIV−) women with very similar demographic backgrounds and illness comorbidities. Additionally, select executive impairments in shifting attention (i.e., reversal learning) and in decision-making quality were revealed in HIV+ participants. Modifiers of neurocognition in HIV-infected women included detectable HIV plasma viral load, active hepatitis C virus co-infection, and self-reported depression symptoms. In contrast, leukocyte telomere length (LTL), a marker of cellular aging, did not significantly differ between HIV+ and HIV− women, nor was LTL associated with overall neurocognition in the HIV+ group. Conclusions The findings suggest that well-managed HIV infection may entail a more circumscribed neurocognitive deficit pattern than that reported in many norm-referenced studies, and that common comorbidities make a secondary contribution to HIV-related neurocognitive impairments

Demographic and clinical characteristics of HIV+ and HIV− participants.

<p><i>Note.</i> Values represent Mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise indicated; WTAR = Wechsler Test of Adult Reading (full-scale IQ); Asian includes South Asian; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (unadjusted means are displayed, but square root transformed scores were used for statistical analysis); HCV = Hepatitis C Virus; % Heavy Use = Daily or weekly use of substance over lifetime; % Recent use = self-reported substance use within 24 hours of neurocognitive testing; Undetectable HIV RNA = viral load ≤200 copies/mL; Groups compared using:</p>a<p>independent <i>t</i>-tests,</p>b<p>χ2 Pearson chi-square;</p>c<p>Fisher's exact test (2-sided);</p>d<p>ANCOVA; n/a = not applicable;</p>†<p><i>p</i><.10;</p><p>*<i>p</i><.05.</p

Investigation of Factors Associated with Spontaneous Preterm Birth in Pregnant Women Living with HIV

Objective: To investigate factors contributing to preterm birth (PTB), including cART use and clinical and social determinants of health, in women living with HIV (WLWH) from British Columbia, Canada. Design: Retrospective observational cohort. Methods: We investigated the effect of cART use and other clinical and demographic factors on spontaneous PTB (sPTB) rates (<37 weeks gestational age) among 631 singleton pregnancies between 1997-2018. Exposure to cART was modelled in comparison to no exposure, exposure in the first trimester, and between regimens. Differences in sPTB risk were estimated using time52 dependent Cox’s proportional hazards models. Results: Overall, the sPTB rate was 16%. Cumulative cART use was associated with lower risk of PTB (Wald test p=0.02; HR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96-0.99) and specific cART regimens were not associated with increased risk of sPTB. Exposure in the first trimester was not associated with sPTB and for each week of cART exposure, the risk of sPTB decreased by 2%. In a multivariable model, HIV viral load and substance use remained associated with risk of sPTB, but not cART exposure. Conclusions: The sPTB rate among pregnant WLWH was more than three times higher than in the general population. However, sPTB was not related specifically to use of cART; in fact, cART appeared to reduce the risk of sPTB. Uncontrolled HIV replication and substance use were associated with increased risk of sPTB among pregnant WLWH. This emphasizes the important role of prenatal care, access to cART, and smoking cessation and harm reduction to reduce the risk of sPTB in WLWH.Medicine, Faculty ofOther UBCObstetrics and Gynaecology, Department ofPediatrics, Department ofReviewedFacultyResearcherGraduat

Executive functioning test descriptions.

<p>Executive functioning test descriptions.</p

Correlations between neurocognitive performance and disease- and treatment-related variables, and comorbid conditions in the HIV+ group.

<p><i>Note.</i> Values represent partial <i>r</i>'s controlling for age and education (unless indicated otherwise); HVLT = Hopkin's Verbal Learning Test- Revised; PAL = Paired Associates Learning; SS = Symbol Search; RVP = Rapid Visual Information Processing; LNS = Letter-Number Sequencing; SWM = Spatial Working Memory; SST = Stop Signal Task; IED = Intra-Extra Dimensional Set Shift; CGT = Cambridge Gambling Task; SOC = Stockings of Cambridge; CCI = Composite Cognitive Index; err = errors; Detectable viral load = >200 copies/mL; ART = Antiretroviral Therapy; HCV = Hepatitis C virus;</p>a<p>Square root transformed data;</p>b<p>Cubed transformation;</p>c<p>Spearman's <i>rho</i>;</p>†<p><i>p</i><.10;</p><p>*<i>p</i><.05;</p><p>**<i>p</i><.01.</p

Exploring the live birth rates of women living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada.

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the birth rates of women living with HIV (WLWH) compared to the general population in British Columbia (BC), Canada. METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed clinical and population level surveillance data from 1997 to 2015. Live birth rates from 1997 to 2015 among WLWH aged 15-49 years were compared with those of all BC women. Next, the number of live births among WLWH with a live birth between 1997-2012 and HIV-negative controls matched 1:3 by geocode were compared. RESULTS:WLWH had a lower birth rate compared to all BC women [31.4 (95%CI, 28.6-34.3) vs. 40.0 (39.3-40.1)/1000 person years]. Stratified by age, WLWH aged 15-24 years had a higher birth rate while WLWH aged 25-49 years had a lower birth rate than BC women (p<0.01). Between 1997 and 2015, birth rates for both populations decreased among women aged 15-24 years, and increased among women aged 25-49 years, most strikingly among WLWH 35-49 years (p<0.01). When comparing WLWH with a live birth to HIV-negative geocode matched controls, WLWH aged 15-24 years (p = 0.03) and aged 25-34 years (p<0.01) had more live births than controls while WLWH aged 35-49 years did not (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS:On a population level, WLWH have lower birth rates than the general population. However, this is not observed among WLWH who have ever given birth compared with matched controls, suggesting that sociodemographic factors may play an important role. WLWH are increasingly giving birth in their later reproductive years. Taken together, our data supports the integration of reproductive health and HIV care

Premature Spinal Bone Loss in Women Living with HIV is Associated with Shorter Leukocyte Telomere Length

With advances in combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), people living with HIV are now surviving to experience aging. Evidence suggests that individuals living with HIV are at greater risk for low bone mineral density (BMD), osteoporosis, and fractures. Better understanding of the pathophysiology of bone health in women living with HIV (WLWH) is important for treatment strategies. The goal of this study was to explore new biological factors linked to low BMD in WLWH. Standardized BMD measures of WLWH were compared to reference values from an unselected population of women from the same geographical region of the same age range. Linear regression analysis was used to assess relationships among health-related characteristics, cellular aging (measured by leukocyte telomere length; LTL), cART, and BMD of WLWH. WLWH (n = 73; mean age 43 ± 9 years) had lower BMD Z-scores at the lumbar spine (LS) (mean difference = −0.39, p < 0.001) and total hip (TH) (−0.29, p = 0.012) relative to controls (n = 290). WLWH between 50 and 60 years (n = 17) had lower Z-scores at the LS (p = 0.008) and TH (p = 0.027) compared to controls (n = 167). Among WLWH, LS BMD was significantly associated with LTL (R² = 0.09, p = 0.009) and BMI (R² = 0.06, p = 0.042). Spinal BMD was adversely affected in WLWH. Reduction of LTL was strongly associated with lower BMD and may relate to its pathophysiology and premature aging in WLWH.Medicine, Faculty ofOther UBCNon UBCEndocrinology, Division ofInfectious Diseases, Division ofMedicine, Department ofObstetrics and Gynaecology, Department ofPathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department ofReviewedFacult

Long‐Term Change in Bone Mineral Density in Women Living With HIV: A 10‐Year Prospective Controlled Cohort Study

ABSTRACT Women living with HIV (WLWH) may be at higher risk for osteoporosis and fragility fractures. However, limited prospective data describe long‐term trajectories of bone mineral density (BMD) in WLWH versus women without HIV. Thus, in this prospective study, we aimed to compare 10‐year change in areal BMD (aBMD) between WLWH (n = 49; 36.8 ± 8.8 years; 96% pre/perimenopausal) and HIV‐negative women (population‐based controls; n = 49; 41.9 ± 9.2 years; 80% pre/perimenopausal). In an exploratory analysis, we compared fracture history between WLWH and controls. Outcomes were lumbar spine (L1 to L4), total hip, and femoral neck aBMD at baseline and follow‐up, which occurred at 13 and 10 years in WLWH and controls, respectively. We fit multivariable regression models to compare baseline and 10‐year change in aBMD between groups, adjusting for osteoporosis risk factors. Within WLWH, we examined associations between aBMD and HIV‐related factors, including combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) duration. WLWH were diagnosed 6.5 ± 3.7 years before baseline, 80% were on cART for 241 ± 142 weeks, and 49% had HIV plasma viral load <40 copies/mL. Before and after adjusting for osteoporosis risk factors, baseline and 10‐year change in aBMD did not differ between WLWH and controls at any site. At baseline, more WLWH than controls reported a history of low‐trauma fracture (30% versus 10%, p < 0.05) and major osteoporotic fracture (17% versus 4%, p < 0.05). During follow‐up, the number of WLWH and controls with incident fragility fracture was not significantly different. Lifetime cART duration and tenofovir use were not associated with aBMD 10‐year percent change. Higher CD4 count at baseline was positively associated with femoral neck aBMD 10‐year percent change. Long‐term aBMD change in this small WLWH cohort paralleled normal aging, with no evidence of influence from cART use; however, these results should be interpreted with caution given the small sample size. Larger cohort studies are needed to confirm these findings. © 2023 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research