1,906 research outputs found
The Meaning and Purposes of State Constitutional Single Subject Rules: A Survey of States and the Indiana Example
Explaining China\u27s Legal Flexibility: History and the Institutional Imperative
China’s legal system appears to harbor a major tension, or even a paradox. Certainty in law facilitates economic progress, which most observers agree the Communist Party requires to maintain its power—yet the Party has opted for a flexible legal system that often impedes predictability. Prior studies explain China’s legal system as a product of certain constraints and as an expedient that allows for policy adjustments. These factors undoubtedly are at work but do not fully explain the rationale for a legal design seemingly at odds with the Party’s economic goals. To obtain a fuller view, it is necessary to consult the historical circumstances in which the designers of China’s legal system were embedded. This Paper argues that the Party’s reformers achieved a percipient historical insight: the Party would require an ongoing competitive advantage in institutional entrepreneurship to survive after Mao. Moreover, the reformers understood this competency to embody not only the substance of policy, but also, crucially, the Party’s institutional stewardship. Of its many advantages, flexible law reinforces the Party’s dominance in institutional entrepreneurship, enabling the Party to impede rival entrepreneurs without disrupting the broader economic frameworks in place. Institutions with strategic functions emerge and viewed thusly, the economic tradeoffs inherent in China’s flexible laws are not the paradox that they seem. The Paper briefly considers the implications of this historical context for multinationals’ strategies in China and for states’ strategic uses of flexibility in international legal institutions
Reanimating the States’ Single Subject Jurisprudence: A New Constitutional Test
Most states’ courts do not rigorously enforce the single subject rule contained in their constitutions. This paper first argues that the courts should immediately dispense with the common law doctrines frustrating the rule’s enforcement. The paper then proposes a framework—a new constitutional test by which single subject challenges should be evaluated. The proposed framework is grounded in the intent of the rule’s framers and ratifiers
The effect of a seven-week exercise program on golf swing performance and musculoskeletal measures
As most golf exercise studies have shown improved golf performance as a result of two or three sessions per week, the present study investigated the effects of a supervised exercise session performed once a week for seven weeks on golf swing variables and musculoskeletal screening measures. Professional Golfers Association of Australia International Golf Institute student golfers (n ¼ 43) with a mean standard deviation handicap of 8.6 8.3 participated in the study. Each golfer performed 10 musculoskeletal tests and a standardised 60-shot golf performance test (TrackMan, Vedbaek, Denmark) on separate days before and after the seven-week program. Significant improvements in a number of musculoskeletal tests (i.e. left leg bridging (6.6%), thoracic extension (62.5%), right thoracic rotation (23.3%), and right (20.8%) and left single leg squat (29.1%)) were observed (all p 0.024); however, no significant differences were observed for any golf swing variables. Future research investigating different training protocols may help to determine whether the type or frequency of training has the greatest influence on golf swing performance
Electron Beam Induced Luminescence of SiO2 Optical Coatings
Optical coatings of disordered thin film SiO2/SiOx dielectric samples on reflective metal substrates exhibited cathodoluminescence under electron beam irradiation. Measurements of the absolute radiance and emission spectra as functions of incident electron energy, flux and power over a range of sample temperatures are reported. Radiance reached a saturation plateau at high incident electron power. Well below saturation radiance scaled with deposited power, that is linearly with incident power for lower-energy non-penetrating electrons and decreasing with increasing energy for penetrating radiation. Four bands were observed in spectral measurements from 300 nm to 1000 nm. Changes in peak intensity and shifts in peak energies as functions of temperature are described. The observations are explained in terms of a simple disordered band theory model and the transitions that take place between electrons in extended conduction states and localized trapped states associated with structural or compositional defects in the highly disordered insulating materials; this provides a fundamental basis for understanding the dependence of cathodoluminescence on irradiation time, incident flux and energy, and sample thickness and temperature
Membrane geometry with auxiliary variables and quadratic constraints
Consider a surface described by a Hamiltonian which depends only on the
metric and extrinsic curvature induced on the surface. The metric and the
curvature, along with the basis vectors which connect them to the embedding
functions defining the surface, are introduced as auxiliary variables by adding
appropriate constraints, all of them quadratic. The response of the Hamiltonian
to a deformation in each of the variables is examined and the relationship
between the multipliers implementing the constraints and the conserved stress
tensor of the theory established.Comment: 8 page
Mismatch repair causes the dynamic release of an essential DNA polymerase from the replication fork
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86887/1/MMI_7841_sm_SuppInfor.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/86887/2/j.1365-2958.2011.07841.x.pd
Mid-Infrared Properties of Luminous Infrared Galaxies II: Probing the Dust and Gas Physics of the GOALS Sample
The Great Observatories All-Sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) is a comprehensive,
multiwavelength study of luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) in the local
universe. Here we present the results of a multi-component, spectral
decomposition analysis of the low resolution mid-IR Spitzer IRS spectra from
5-38um of 244 LIRG nuclei. The detailed fits and high quality spectra allow for
characterization of the individual PAH features, warm molecular hydrogen
emission, and optical depths for silicate dust grains and water ices. We find
that starbursting LIRGs, which make up the majority of GOALS, are very
consistent in their MIR properties (i.e. tau_9.7um, tau_ice, neon line and PAH
feature ratios). However, as their PAH EQW decreases, usually an indicator of
an increasingly dominant AGN, LIRGs cover a larger spread in these MIR
parameters. The contribution from PAHs to the total L(IR) in LIRGs varies from
2-29% and LIRGs prior to their first encounter show higher L(PAH)/L(IR) ratios
on average. We observe a correlation between the strength of the starburst
(IR8) and the PAH fraction at 8um but not with the 7.7 to 11.3 PAH ratio,
suggesting the fractional PDR emission, and not the overall grain properties,
is associated with the rise in IR8 for galaxies off the starburst main
sequence. We detect crystalline silicate features in 6% of the sample but only
in the most obscured sources (s_9.7um < -1.24). Ice absorption features are
observed in 11% (56%) of GOALS LIRGs (ULIRGs). Most GOALS LIRGs have
L(H2)/L(PAH) ratios elevated above those observed for normal star-forming
galaxies and exhibit a trend for increasing L(H2)/L(PAH) ratio with increasing
L(H2). While star formation appears to be the dominant process responsible for
exciting the H2 in most of the GOALS galaxies, a subset of LIRGs (10%) show
excess H2 emission that is inconsistent with PDR models and may be excited by
shocks or AGN-induced outflows.Comment: 21 pages with 20 figures plus 2 table
Helfrich-Canham bending energy as a constrained non-linear sigma model
The Helfrich-Canham bending energy is identified with a non-linear sigma
model for a unit vector. The identification, however, is dependent on one
additional constraint: that the unit vector be constrained to lie orthogonal to
the surface. The presence of this constraint adds a source to the divergence of
the stress tensor for this vector so that it is not conserved. The stress
tensor which is conserved is identified and its conservation shown to reproduce
the correct shape equation.Comment: 5 page
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