Accident statistics cite the flight crew as a causal factor in over 60% of large transport aircraft fatal accidents. Yet, a well-trained and well-qualified pilot is acknowledged as the critical center point of aircraft systems safety and an integral safety component of the entire commercial aviation system. The latter statement, while generally accepted, cannot be verified because little or no quantitative data exists on how and how many accidents/incidents are averted by crew actions. A joint NASA/FAA high-fidelity motion-base simulation experiment specifically addressed this void by collecting data to quantify the human (pilot) contribution to safety-of-flight and the methods they use in today's National Airspace System. A human-in-the-loop test was conducted using the FAA's Oklahoma City Flight Simulation Branch Level D-certified B-737-800 simulator to evaluate the pilot's contribution to safety-of-flight during routine air carrier flight operations and in response to aircraft system failures. These data are fundamental to and critical for the design and development of future increasingly autonomous systems that can better support the human in the cockpit. Eighteen U.S. airline crews flew various normal and non-normal procedures over a two-day period and their actions were recorded in response to failures. To quantify the human's contribution to safety of flight, crew complement was used as the experiment independent variable in a between-subjects design. Pilot actions and performance during single pilot and reduced crew operations were measured for comparison against the normal two-crew complement during normal and non-normal situations. This paper details the crew's actions, including decision-making, and responses while dealing with a drive shaft failure - one of 6 non-normal events that were simulated in this experiment
Mr Litvinenko died on 23rd November 2006, having been poisoned with polonium-210 on 1st November, with evidence of a previous poisoning attempt during October 2006. Measurements of 210Po in urine samples were made for a large number of people to determine whether they may have been contaminated. In the majority of cases, measured levels were attributable to the presence of 210Po from normal dietary sources. For a small number of cases, elevated levels provided evidence of direct contamination associated with the poisonings. For one individual, while estimated doses were below thresholds for irreversible organ damage, a
notably increased risk of cancer can be inferred. The use of the chelating agent, Unithiol, to increase 210Po excretion in this case was only moderately effective in reducing doses received
Using stellar population models, we predicted that the Dark Energy Survey (DES) - due to its special combination of area (5000 deg. sq.) and depth (i=24.3) - would be in the position to detect massive (≳1011 M⊙) galaxies at z∼4. We confront those theoretical calculations with the first ∼150 deg. sq. of DES data reaching nominal depth. From a catalogue containing ∼5 million sources, ∼26000 were found to have observed-frame g−r vs r−i colours within the locus predicted for z∼4 massive galaxies. We further removed contamination by stars and artefacts, obtaining 606 galaxies lining up by the model selection box. We obtained their photometric redshifts and physical properties by fitting model templates spanning a wide range of star formation histories, reddening and redshift. Key to constrain the models is the addition, to the optical DES bands g, r, i, z, and Y, of near-IR J, H, Ks data from the Vista Hemisphere Survey. We further applied several quality cuts to the fitting results, including goodness of fit and a unimodal redshift probability distribution. We finally select 233 candidates whose photometric redshift probability distribution function peaks around z∼4, have high stellar masses (log(M∗/M⊙)∼11.7 for a Salpeter IMF) and ages around 0.1 Gyr, i.e. formation redshift around 5. These properties match those of the progenitors of the most massive galaxies in the local universe. This is an ideal sample for spectroscopic follow-up to select the fraction of galaxies which is truly at high redshift. These initial results and those at the survey completion, which we shall push to higher redshifts, will set unprecedented constraints on galaxy formation, evolution, and the re-ionisation epoch
AZAR GAT. War in Human Civilization. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 822. 45.00(us).ReviewedbyWilliamR.ThompsonROBINWATERFIELD.Xenopkon′sRetreat:Greece,Persia,andtheEndoftheGoldenAge.Cambridge,MAandLondon:TheBelknapPressofHarvardUniversityPress,2006.Pp.xiii,248.27.95 (us). Reviewed by Noreen Humble
VICTOR H. MAIR, ed. Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2006. Pp. ix, 310. 57.00(us).ReviewedbyPaulD.BuellSERHIIPLOKHY.TheOriginsoftheSlavicNations:PremodernIdentitiesinRussia,Ukraine,andBelarus.NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2006.Pp.xix,379.90.00 (us). Reviewed by Paul Bushkovitch
NAOMI STANDEN. Unbounded Loyalty: Frontier Crossing in Liao China. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2007. Pp. xiii, 279. 53.00(us).ReviewedbyLeoK.ShinCHRISTOPHERTYERMAN.God′sWar:ANewHistoryoftheCrusades.CambridgeMAandLondon:TheBelknapPressofHarvardUniversityPress,2006.Pp.xvi,1,023.35.00 (us). Reviewed by John France
BJÖRN K. U. WEILER. Henry HI of England and the Staufen Empire, 1216-1272. Woodbridge, UK: Boydell Press for The Royal Historical Society, 2006. Pp. xi, 247. 80.00(us).ReviewedbyWilliamChesterJordanSABINEMACCORMACK.OntheWingsofTime:Rome,theIncas,Spain,andPeru.Princeton,NJandOxford:PrincetonUniversityPress,2007.Pp.xix,320.35.00 (us). Reviewed by Richard L. Kagan
LEO K. SHIN. The Making of the Chinese State: Ethnicity and Expansion on the Ming Borderlands. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Pp. xxi, 246. 93.95(us).ReviewedbyGeoffWadeJOHNG.DEMARAY.FromPilgrimagetoHistory:TheRenaissanceandGlobalHistoricism.NewYork,NY:AMSPress,2006.Pp.xv,250.82.50 (us). Reviewed by Felipe Fernández-Armesto
ANDRE THEVET. Histoire: D'André Thevet Angoumoisin, Cosmographe du Roy, de deux voyages par luyfaits aux Indes Australes, et Occidentals, ed. Jean-Claude La-borie and Frank Lestringant. Geneva: Librairie Droz, 2006. Pp. 496. CHF. 153.60. Reviewed by Margaret Sankey
JESSICA L. HARLAND-JACOBS. Builders oj Empire: Freemasons and British Imperialism, 1777-1927. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 384. 39.95(us).ReviewedbyAndrewS.ThompsonRENEˊHANKE.Bru¨hlunddasRenversementdesalliances:DieantipreuβischeAuβenpolitikdesDresdenerHofes,1744−1756.Mu¨nster:LitVerlag,2006.Pp.xii,383.€39.90.ReviewedbyFranzA.J.SzaboSIMONBURROWS.Blackmail,Scandal,andRevolution:London′sFrenchlibellistes,1758−92.Manchester:ManchesterUniversityPress,2006;dist.Vancouver,BC:UniversityofBritishColumbiaPress.Pp.xiv,256.50.00 (us). Reviewed by Jennifer Mori
CYNTHIA RADDING. Landscapes of Power and Identity: Comparative Histories in the Sonoran Desert and the Forests of Amazonia from Colony to Republic. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. xxiv, 431. 24.95(us),paper.ReviewedbyStuartMcCookJEANBARMANandBRUCEMCINTYREWATSON.LeavingParadise:IndigenousHawaiiansinthePacificNorthwest,1787−1898.Honolulu,HI:UniversityofHawaiiPress,2006.Pp.xiii,512.45.00 (us). Reviewed by James N. Nason
JEREMY ADELMAN. Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic. Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. x, 409. 39.95(us).ReviewedbyTimothyE.AnnaVICTORBULMER−THOMAS,JOHNH.COATSWORTH,andROBERTOCORTEˊSCONDE,eds.TheCambridgeEconomicHistoryofLatinAmerica:I:TheColonialEraandtheShortNineteenthCentury.Pp.viii,607;II:TheLongTwentiethCentury.Pp.viii,755.NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2006.300.00 (us), 2 vol. set. Reviewed by Eric Van Young
MAN-HOUNG LIN. China Upside Down: Currency, Society, and Ideologies, 1808-1856. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xxvi, 362. 49−95(us).ReviewedbyEvelynS.RawskiMATTD.CHILDS.The1812AponteRebellioninCubaandtheStruggleagainstAtlanticSlavery.ChapelHill,NC:UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,2006.Pp.xi,300.21.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Christopher Schmidt-Nowara
ALAIN LE PICHON, ed. China Trade and Empire: Jardine, Matheson & Co. and the Origins of British Rule in Hong Kong, 1827-1843. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. xvii, 626. 125.00(us).ReviewedbyKentG.DengSTEPHENBROADBERRY.MarketServicesandtheProductivityRace,1850−2000:BritishPerformanceinInternationalPerspective.NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2006.Pp.xix,409.95.00 (us). Reviewed by Alan Booth
ERIC T.JENNINGS. Curing the Colonizers: Hydrotherapy, Climatology, and French Colonial Spas. Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 271. 21.95(us),paper.ReviewedbyPatriciaM.E.LorcinJACOBA.TROPP.NaturesofColonialChange:EnvironmentalRelationsintheMakingoftheTranskei.Athens,OH:OhioUniversityPress,2006.Pp.xiv,268.24.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Norman Etherington
PING-HUI LIAO and DAVID DER-WEI WANG, eds. Taiwan under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1895-1945: History, Culture, Memory. New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2006. Pp. xvi, 416. 45.00(us).ReviewedbyE.PatriciaTsurumiMAGNUSBRECHTKEN.Sckarnierzeit1895−1907:Perso¨nlichkeitsnetzeundinternationalpohtikindendeutsch−britisch−amerikanischenbeziehungenvordemErstenWeltkrieg.Mainz:VerlagPhilippvonZabern,2006.Pp.xvii,454.€73.90.ReviewedbyMattherSeligmannMEˊLANIEMORIN−PELLETIER.Briserlesailesdel′ange:Lesinfirmieˋresmilitairescanadiennes(1914−1918).Outrement,QC:Atheˊnaeˊditions,2006;dist.Boisbriand,QC:Prologue.Pp.185.19.95 (CDN)> paper. Reviewed by Amber Lloydlangston
CLIFFORD ROSENBERG. Policing Paris: The Origins of Modern Immigration Control between the Wars. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2006. Pp. xviii, 241. 23.95(us),paper.ReviewedbyVickiGaronMRINALINISINHA.SpectersofMotherIndia:TheGlobalRestructuringojanEmpire.Durham,NCandLondon:DukeUniversityPress,2006.Pp.xiii,366.23.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Sarah Ansari
UZI RABI. The Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman under Sa'id bin Taymur, 1932-1970. Brighton and Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press, 2006. Pp. xii, 299. 75.00(us).ReviewedbyJosephA.KeˊchichianFRANKUEKOETTER.TheGreenandtheBrown:AHistoryofConservationinNaziGermany.NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2006.Pp.xv,230.23.99 (us), paper. Reviewed by Roger Chickering
ROBERT B. BRYCE. Canada and the Cost of World War II: The International Operations of Canada's Department of Finance, 1939-1947, ed. Matthew J. Bellamy. Montreal, QC and Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 392. 49.95(CDN).ReviewedbyHectorMackenzieKENNETHSLEPYAN.Stalin′sGuerrillas:SovietPartisansinWorldWarII.Lawrence,KS:UniversityPressofKansas,2006.Pp.xi,409.34.95 (us). Reviewed by Evan Mawdsley
H. JAMES BURGWYN. Empire on the Adriatic: Mussolini's Conquest of Yugoslavia 1941-1943. New York, NY: Enigma, 2005. Pp. xxi,385. 27.50(CDN),paper.ReviewedbyBrianR.SullivanR.A.RATCLIFF.DelusionsofIntelligence:Enigma,Ultra,andtheEndofSecureCiphers.NewYork,NY:CambridgeUniversityPress,2006.Pp.xvii,314.30.00 (us). Reviewed by Calder Walton
LUMANS, VALDIS O. Latvia in World War II. New York, NY: Fordham University Press, 2006. Pp. xi, 547. 65.00(us).ReviewedbyDavidJ.SmithNIKOLAILITVIN.800DaysontheEasternFront:ARussianSoldierRemembersWorldWarII,trans,anded.StuartBritton.Lawrence,KS:UniversityPressofKansas,2007.Pp.xv,159.24.95 (us). Reviewed by James F. Gebhart
JEFFREY HERF. The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust. Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. ix, 390. 29.95(us).ReviewedbySusanL.CarruthersHEIDEFEHRENBACH.RaceafterHitler:BlackOccupationChildreninPostwarGermanyandAmerica.Princeton,NJandOxford:PrincetonUniversityPress,2005.Pp.xiii,263.29.95(us). Reviewed by Donna Harsch
FRANK CAIN. Economic Statecraft during the Cold War: European Responses to the US Trade Embargo. London and New York, NY: Routledge, 2007. Pp. xii, 211. 120.00(us).ReviewedbyAlanP.DobsonBRUNELLOVIGEZZI.TheBritishCommitteeontheTheoryofInternationalPolitics(1954−1985):TheRediscoveryofHistory,trans.IanHarvey.Milan:EdizioniUnicopli,2005.Pp.xxviii,440.€30.00,paper.ReviewedbyTimDunneJAGATS.MEHTA.NegotiatingforIndia:ResolvingProblemsthroughDiplomacy(SevenCaseStudies,1958−1978).NewDelhi:Manohar,2006.Pp.296.Rs750.ReviewedbyWalterK.AndersenPATRICKJ.HANEYandWALTVANDERBUSH.TheCubanEmbargo:TheDomesticPoliticsofanAmericanForeignPolicy.Pittsburgh,PA:UniversityofPittsburghPress,2005.Pp.xi,222.24.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Joaquín Roy
NICHOLAS TARLING. Regionalism in Southeast Asia: To Foster the Political Will. London and New York, NY: Routledge, 2006. Pp. 276. 125.00(us).ReviewedbyNicholasJ.WhiteROBERTD.SCHULZINGER.ATimeforPeace:TheLegacyoftheVietnamWar.NewYork,NY:OxfordUniversityPress,2006.Pp.xix,252.30.00 (us). Reviewed by Kenton Clymer
MARTHA BRILL OLCOTT. Central Asia's Second Chance. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005. Pp. xiii, 389. 24.95(us),paper.ReviewedbyShahramAkbarzadehRYANCHENDRICKSON.DiplomacyandWaratNATO:TheSecretaryGeneralandMilitaryActionaftertheColdWar.Columbia,MOandLondon:UniversityofMissouriPress,2006.Pp.viii,172.16.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by James Sperling
SCOTT STRAUS. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power, and War in Rwanda. Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 273. $27.95 (us). Reviewed by Howard Adelman
BILL ONG HING. Deporting Our So