The diffusion of knowledge in industrial districts and clusters

ABSTRACT The dissemination of knowledge in industrial districts (ID) and clusters has often been linked to the existence of a specific tacit knowledge. Thus, the companies belonging to ID specialization sector might sustain a distinctive competitive advantage against isolated firms. However, the observation of technological changes in recent decades and the presence of ID whose technological intensity has dramatically increased in the same period suggest the existence and need for codified knowledge in these agglomerations. As result of tacit knowledge decline, the economic performance of ID could move backwards, given the greater ease to imitate and reproduce their contextual knowledge by competitor firms located in not district areas. The paper discusses the above assumptions, suggesting the existence of combinations/hybridizations of both types of knowledge in ID, which we have named locational-translational knowledge. This third type of knowledge could explain the maintenance of ID contextual advantages even in presence of higher doses of codified knowledge. This would require the presence of agents acting as interfaces able to absorb new pieces of codified knowledge in order to combine them with local knowledge for adjusting the specific needs of ID. However, we argue the existence of several constraints, such as the size of 'creative market district’, in ID which may require the opening of ID to knowledge imported from academic institutions and other formal research organizations, in contrast with autarky or isolation suggested by tacit knowledge. Finally, an analysis of the ID evolution enables us to appreciate that the process of absorption, combination and dissemination of external knowledge may have existed throughout the life cycle of ID but supported, at each stage, for different institutional agents: the 'impannatore', the 'cappofiliera' firm and, lastly, for formal knowledge-oriented institutions such as the above referred.

Aproximación al léxico del turismo activo: codificación lexicográfica, formación y variación denominativa

En el presente artículo se describe el léxico que conforma el llamado turismo activo del español europeo y se analiza desde tres puntos de vista: su codificación lexicográfica, contrastando el diccionario de la Real Academia Española con diccionarios descriptivos; la formación de sus unidades, que abarca el fenómeno del préstamo y los distintos mecanismos de creación de palabras; y, en tercer lugar, la variación formal y denominativa que caracteriza este vocabulario. El corpus de voces y de muestras de uso ha sido extraído de Internet, en concreto de determinadas fuentes legislativas disponibles en la red y de diferentes páginas web promocionales. Igualmente, se han tomado como referencia diccionarios en formato electrónico. Todo ello en relación con la pertenencia de este trabajo al proyecto arriba citado.This article describes the lexicon that makes up the so-called active tourism of the European Spanish. It is analyzed from three points of view: the encoding in dictionaries, contrasting the dictionary of the Real Academia Española with other dictionaries; the formation of the units, which covers the phenomenon of the loan and the different mechanisms of creation of words; and, thirdly, the lexical variation that characterizes this vocabulary. The corpus of voices and signs of use has been extracted from Internet, in particular certain legislative fonts available on the network and different promotional web pages. Similarly, electronic dictionaries have been taken as reference, in connection with the above mentioned project which belongs this study

The diffusion of knowledge in industrial districts and clusters

The dissemination of knowledge in industrial districts (ID) and clusters has often been linked to the existence of a specific tacit knowledge. Thus, the companies belonging to ID specialization sector might sustain a distinctive competitive advantage against isolated firms. However, the observation of technological changes in recent decades and the presence of ID whose technological intensity has dramatically increased in the same period suggest the existence and need for codified knowledge in these agglomerations. As result of tacit knowledge decline, the economic performance of ID could move backwards, given the greater ease to imitate and reproduce their contextual knowledge by competitor firms located in not district areas. The paper discusses the above assumptions, suggesting the existence of combinations/hybridizations of both types of knowledge in ID, which we have named locational-translational knowledge. This third type of knowledge could explain the maintenance of ID contextual advantages even in presence of higher doses of codified knowledge. This would require the presence of agents acting as interfaces able to absorb new pieces of codified knowledge in order to combine them with local knowledge for adjusting the specific needs of ID. However, we argue the existence of several constraints, such as the size of 'creative market district', in ID which may require the opening of ID to knowledge imported from academic institutions and other formal research organizations, in contrast with autarky or isolation suggested by tacit knowledge. Finally, an analysis of the ID evolution enables us to appreciate that the process of absorption, combination and dissemination of external knowledge may have existed throughout the life cycle of ID but supported, at each stage, for different institutional agents: the 'impannatore', the 'cappofiliera' firm and, lastly, for formal knowledge-oriented institutions such as the above referred

La tomografía computarizada en cardiopatía isquémica: de la calcificación coronaria a la caracterización tisular miocárdica

ResumenDurante las últimas 2 décadas las técnicas de imagen han alcanzado un papel indispensable en prácticamente todas las enfermedades cardiovasculares. La tomografía computarizada cardiaca, en el campo de la cardiopatía isquémica, proporciona información irreemplazable para la investigación clínica y básica, y se ha convertido también en imprescindible para guiar la actitud terapéutica de los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria en la práctica diaria. Revisamos su estado actual desde la mirada de su utilidad quirúrgica.AbstractDuring the past 2 decades, imaging techniques have come to play an indispensable role in practically all cardiovascular illnesses.Cardiac computerized axial tomography, in the field of ischemic cardiopathy, provides irreplaceable information for clinical and basic investigations, but it has also become indispensable for guiding the therapeutic approach to treating patients with heart disease in daily practice. We review your current status in the view of its surgical utility

Novedades léxicas en revistas femeninas: procedimientos de formación y valor semántico-pragmático de las unidades

El presente artículo pretende mostrar una de las particularidades léxicas de determinadas revistas femeninas, como es la creación de unidades y el uso de voces nuevas formadas con diferentes mecanismos patrimoniales o con la combinación de elementos patrimoniales y foráneos. A partir de un corpus elaborado, se presentan y analizan distintas voces desde el punto de vista de su formación y de su valor semántico-pragmático en el texto. Asimismo, se observa el aspecto de la marcación tipográfica de las unidades, en relación con la norma del españo

Del conocimiento tácito y codificado al conocimiento locacional-traslacional: aplicación a los distritos industriales

Trabajo presentado a la XXXV Reunión de Estudios Regionales: "El desarrollo regional en periodos de cambio" y a las IV Jornades Valencianes d'estudis regionals celebradas en Valencia (España) del 26 al 27 Noviembre de 2009.-- Tambien presentado a la Jornada de Distritos Industriales/Clusters celebrada el 8 Mayo de 2009 en Cuenca (España) y a la Semana Iberoamericana-Mediterránea del Desarrollo basado en el Conocimiento (DBC): "La Transferencia de Conocimiento" celebrada del 30 Septiembre al 2 de Octubre de 2009 en Alicante (España).El paper discute y revisa los conceptos de conocimiento codificado (KC) y conocimiento tácito (KT), frecuentemente empleados como categorías contrapuestas de las modalidades de conocimiento presentes en el ámbito de la innovación. Se argumenta que ambas expresiones del conocimiento no abarcan la totalidad del conocimiento que se absorbe, genera y difunde, resultando necesaria la adición del conocimiento que aquí se denomina locacional-traslacional (KL), resultado de procesos de fusión/hibridización dinámicos del KC y del KT en un espacio determinado. A su vez, el KL posibilita la explicación de ciertos procesos de transformación y evolución experimentados por los distritos industriales. A la adopción del nuevo concepto de KL para los distritos, se suma la discusión de las causas que influyen sobre la reproducción ampliada del KL y sobre la pervivencia del propio distrito como sistema de conocimiento.Peer reviewe

Design of passenger seat for bicycle

[ES] Se trata de diseñar un sillín de pasajero para bicicleta que sea acoplable al mayor número de modelos de bicicleta. Se pretende diseñar un objeto que pueda utilizarse como sillín o como portaequipajes trasero. Se llevarán a cabo las fases de "Iniciación" y de "Diseño del producto y del proceso". En la fase de "Iniciación" se definirán los requisitos y restricciones de los diseños acordes al mercado, usos, usuario, procesos, materiales, normativa de seguridad y otros estudios específicos. Y en la fase de "diseño del producto y del proceso" se obtendrán soluciones viables especificando formas y dimensiones para albergar la mayor diversidad de bolsas dispensadoras de líquido existentes. Si el tiempo y la magnitud de trabajo lo permite, se podrán llevara a cabo las fases de "implementación" y de "operación". En la fase de implementación se pretenden construir los prototipos aplicando los métodos y procesos que se realizan en la industria manufacturera de este tipo de productos. Y, en la fase de operación se elaborará la documentación de soporte al producto como son el catálogo, vídeos de presentación y manual de instrucciones.[EN] It is about designing a bicycle passenger seat that can be coupled to the largest number of bicycle models. It is intended to design an object that can be used as a saddle or as a rear luggage rack. The "Initiation" and "Product and process design" phases will be carried out. In the "Initiation" phase, the requirements and restrictions of designs according to the market, uses, user, processes, materials, safety regulations and other specific studies will be defined. And in the "product design and process" phase, viable solutions will be obtained specifying shapes and dimensions to accommodate the greatest diversity of existing liquid dispensing bags. If the time and magnitude of the work allows it, the phases of "implementation" and "operation" can be carried out. In the "implementation" phase, the aim is to build the prototypes by applying the methods and processes that are carried out in the manufacturing industry of this type of products. And, in the "operation" phase, the product support documentation will be prepared, such as the catalog, the presentation videos and the instruction manual.Estornell Pérez, D. (2018). Diseño de sillín de pasajero para bicicleta. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/106075TFG

Knowledge and performance in innovative firms: An analysis of district and inter-district effects

ABSTRACT The first aim of the paper is to analyze the presence of knowledge in innovative firms located in industrial districts (ID) in order to contrast it with this kind of firm located in non industrial districts areas (NID). This approach assumes the presence of an industrial district effect, i.e., the presumption of a better performance of knowledge and economic results in the first group of firms. Second, we have attempted to identify the existence of interdistrict effect, i.e., the emergence of gaps in knowledge of innovative firms located in ID with different technological intensity. For both purposes we have chosen the Valencian ID in Spain. Besides, with the introduction of innovative firms as units of analysis we have assumed that: a) They reflect a superior use of knowledge resources as inputs for business innovation generation and b) Their greatest use of such resources facilitate the absorption of knowledge spillovers that flow through the district. The empirical analysis has used an unprecedented database containing information of 5,553 innovative companies we have found in the region. The mean analysis applied has allowed us to identify the variables with statistically significant differences, as a preliminary step to isolate the groups of firms with more pronounced central values. The results have shown the presence of differences characterizing differently innovative companies of ID and NID as well as the groups of innovative firms belonging to districts of different technological level. In the first case the superiority of innovative companies has not arisen and, consequently, we cannot confirm the existence of a district effect. Nevertheless, we have detected some evidence of inter-industrial effect in the gradation performance of innovation firms of shoes, textiles and tales.

Accuracy of tree geometric parameters depending on the LiDAR data density

[EN] The aim of this study was to compare geometric parameters of olive trees (tree height, crown base height, crown diameters, crown area), using LiDAR data of different densities: 0.5, 3.5 and 9 points m(-2). Two strategies were proposed and verified with a focus on raster and raw data analysis. Statistical tests have shown, that for the tree height and crown base height estimation, the choice of strategy was irrelevant, but denser LiDAR data provided more accurate results. The raster analysis strategy applied for sparse and dense LiDAR datasets allowed crown shape to be determined with a similar accuracy which means raster data are useful for estimating other indirect tree parameters. The quality of results was independent from the tree size.The authors appreciate the financial support provided by the Vice-Rectorate for Research of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia [Grant PAID-06-12-3297; SP20120534].Hadás, E.; Estornell Cremades, J. (2016). Accuracy of tree geometric parameters depending on the LiDAR data density. European Journal of Remote Sensing. 49:73-92. https://doi.org/10.5721/EuJRS20164905S73924

Deception through Half-Truths

Deception is a fundamental issue across a diverse array of settings, from cybersecurity, where decoys (e.g., honeypots) are an important tool, to politics that can feature politically motivated "leaks" and fake news about candidates.Typical considerations of deception view it as providing false information.However, just as important but less frequently studied is a more tacit form where information is strategically hidden or leaked.We consider the problem of how much an adversary can affect a principal's decision by "half-truths", that is, by masking or hiding bits of information, when the principal is oblivious to the presence of the adversary. The principal's problem can be modeled as one of predicting future states of variables in a dynamic Bayes network, and we show that, while theoretically the principal's decisions can be made arbitrarily bad, the optimal attack is NP-hard to approximate, even under strong assumptions favoring the attacker. However, we also describe an important special case where the dependency of future states on past states is additive, in which we can efficiently compute an approximately optimal attack. Moreover, in networks with a linear transition function we can solve the problem optimally in polynomial time