Designing Multiple Choice English Test for the First Semester at Second Grade of SMPN 6 Moncongloe Bulu Kab. Maros

The result of the research of the second grade students of SMPN 6 Moncongloe Bulu Maros showed that, the criteria a good test of the design of the test is good and can be applied. Based on the whole analysis of test, it can be concluded that first the overall validity of multiple choice tests contains (0,462) are valid and reliability of multiple choice tests are reliable since the reliability index was higher than the table value of critical of product moment. Second, the difficulty level of multiple choice test items there were twenty-one medium items, eleven easy items, one to easy item, and seven difficulty items of the test

Regulasi Keamanan Hayati Produk Rekayasa Genetik Di Indonesia

EnglishGenetically Modified Organism (GMO) has been believed to enhance human life quality and prosperity. GMO is any organism whose genetic material has been altered by the application of recombinant DNA technology or genetic engineering. This technology can be used to improve plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, biofortification and production of pharmaceuticals. Rice resistant to stem borer, papaya resistant to papaya ringspot virus, soybean resistant to herbicide, and Golden rice that contains beta carotene are the example of GMOs. However, the use of GMO still raises public concern on whether the GMO might pose a risk to environment, biodiversity, human, and animal health or not. For that reason, countries will enforce precautionary approach in utilization of GMO either for research or commercial by implementing the existing or new regulations in the country. In Indonesia, Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 year of 2005 (PP No. 21/2005) on Biosafety of GMO, had been established. Biosafety of GMO includes environmental safety, food safety and/or feed safety. The enforcement of PP No. 21/2005 is to prevent potential adverse risks to biodiversity as a result of the utilization of GMO and to prevent the negative risks to human, animal, and fish health as a result of production process, preparation, storage, distribution, and utilization of GMO. This paper gives the overview of Indonesia\u27s regulation on the biosafety of GMO and the current status of GMO in Indonesia.IndonesiaProduk Rekayasa Genetik (PRG) diakui memiliki potensi besar untuk peningkatan kehidupan dan kesejahteraan manusia. PRG adalah organisme yang telah mengalami modifikasi genetik dengan menggunakan teknologi DNA rekombinan atau rekayasa genetik. Teknologi rekayasa genetik dapat digunakan untuk meningkatkan ketahanan tanaman terhadap cekaman biotik dan abiotik, biofortifikasi dan produksi bahan farmasi. Padi tahan hama penggerek batang, pepaya tahan penyakit papaya ringspot virus, kedelai toleran herbisida, dan Golden rice yang mengandungbeta carotene adalah contoh-contoh PRG yang telah dikembangkan. Namun demikian, pemanfaatan tanaman PRGmasih mengundang kekhawatiran masyarakat bahwa produk tersebut mungkin dapat menimbulkan risiko terhadap lingkungan, keanekaragaman hayati, kesehatan manusia dan hewan. Sehubungan dengan itu, secara global pemanfaatan dan peredaran PRG baik untuk tujuan penelitian dan pengembangan maupun komersial diatur oleh peraturan Perundang-undangan atau pedoman yang baru atau yang sudah ada dan berlaku dalam suatu negara. Di Indonesia, telah disahkan Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia No. 21 Tahun 2005 tentang Keamanan Hayati PRG yang diberlakukan baik untuk PRG yang diintroduksi dari luar negeri maupun hasil riset nasional. Keamanan hayati PRG adalah kemanan lingkungan, keamanan pangan, dan/atau keamanan pakan. Pemberlakuan PP No. 21/2005 ditujukan untuk mencegah kemungkinan timbulnya risiko yang merugikan bagi keanekaragaman hayatisebagai akibat pemanfatan PRG dan mencegah timbulnya risiko yang merugikan dan membahayakan kesehatan manusia dan hewan dan ikan sebagai akibat dari proses produksi, penyiapan, penyimpanan, peredaran, dan pemanfaatan pangan PRG. Dalam artikel ini diuraikan mengenai regulasi yang berlaku di Indonesia terkait dengan keamanan hayati PRG beserta lembaga otoritas yang dibentuk dan status PRG di Indonesia

Ohantzea egonkortzeko gailuz hornituriko iturri ohantze konikoen hidrodinamika

254 p.Doktorego tesi honen bidez iturri ohantze teknologiaren ezagutzan sakondu nahi izan da, bereziki iturri ohantze konikoan, gure ikerkuntza taldeak duela hogeita hamar urte hasitako ikerkuntzari jarraituz. Horretarako, ziklo denborei buruzko azterketa hidrodinamiko eta analisi estatistikoa egin da. Horretaz gain, partikula finen ziklo denborak kalkulatzeko metodo berri bat proposatu da eta bere fidagarritasuna balioztatu da. Ondoren, ziklo denboren azterketa hidrodinamikoa egin da metodo berria aplikatuz. Ziklo denboren azterketa hidrodinamikoan lortutako emaitzetatik abiatuz, batez besteko ziklo denborak aurresateko korrelazio enpirikoak lortu dira erdiko hodi mota bakoitzerako. Sare neuronalak ere garatu dira ziklo denborak eta zirkulazio emaria aurresateko.Bestalde, partikula finen arrastea ekiditen duen iturri bilgailua ikertu da erdiko hodidun iturri ohantze konikoetan. Iturri bilgailuari dagokionez, ikerketa hidrodinamikoan lortutako emaitza onak frogatu dira. Gainera, esperimentu mota bakoitzerako arrastearen zinetika aztertu da.Azkenik, erdiko hodidun iturri ohantze konikoek eta iturri bilgailuek partikula finen lehorketarako duten aplikagarritasuna ikertu da giro tenperaturan. Modu honetan, iturri bilgailuak hidrodinamikarako dituen abaintalak lehorketarako ere baliogarri diren frogatu da

Ohantzea egonkortzeko gailuz hornituriko iturri ohantze konikoen hidrodinamika

254 p.Doktorego tesi honen bidez iturri ohantze teknologiaren ezagutzan sakondu nahi izan da, bereziki iturri ohantze konikoan, gure ikerkuntza taldeak duela hogeita hamar urte hasitako ikerkuntzari jarraituz. Horretarako, ziklo denborei buruzko azterketa hidrodinamiko eta analisi estatistikoa egin da. Horretaz gain, partikula finen ziklo denborak kalkulatzeko metodo berri bat proposatu da eta bere fidagarritasuna balioztatu da. Ondoren, ziklo denboren azterketa hidrodinamikoa egin da metodo berria aplikatuz. Ziklo denboren azterketa hidrodinamikoan lortutako emaitzetatik abiatuz, batez besteko ziklo denborak aurresateko korrelazio enpirikoak lortu dira erdiko hodi mota bakoitzerako. Sare neuronalak ere garatu dira ziklo denborak eta zirkulazio emaria aurresateko.Bestalde, partikula finen arrastea ekiditen duen iturri bilgailua ikertu da erdiko hodidun iturri ohantze konikoetan. Iturri bilgailuari dagokionez, ikerketa hidrodinamikoan lortutako emaitza onak frogatu dira. Gainera, esperimentu mota bakoitzerako arrastearen zinetika aztertu da.Azkenik, erdiko hodidun iturri ohantze konikoek eta iturri bilgailuek partikula finen lehorketarako duten aplikagarritasuna ikertu da giro tenperaturan. Modu honetan, iturri bilgailuak hidrodinamikarako dituen abaintalak lehorketarako ere baliogarri diren frogatu da

Novel method to meassure fine particle circulation rates in draft tube conical spouted beds

The spouted bed regime is an alternative contact method to fixed and fluidized beds. The ratio between the inlet diameter and particle diameter limits the scaling-up of spouted beds (the inlet diameter should be smaller than 20-30 times the particle diameter). The insertion of a draft tube is the way of overcoming this limitation. Particle cycle time is defined as the time the particle takes to travel from the top of the annulus downwards and back again to its starting point. Since the proportion of time spent by a particle in the spout is insignificant compared with that spent in the annulus, particle cycle times can be deduced from solid flow patterns in the annulus (1). Knowledge of particle cycle time is very useful to ascertain the bases of the spouted bed technique. Furthermore, information on this parameter and particle trajectories is essential for spouted bed applications, given that the average cycle time regulates energy and mass transfer, and influences chemical reactions (2). The most used technique to measure the solid cycle times is particle tracking, but monitoring of fine particles requires very sofisticated techniques, whose reliability is open to debate. Accordingly, the main aim of this work is to setup a device and develop a methodology for measuring the circulation rate of fine particles in conical spouted beds. The device is a sector located on the upper surface of the annulus, which collects the particles raining down in the fountain. Based on the information gathered, the factors of major influence on the solid circulation rate are determined and their effect is quantified. The material used for operation is building sand of0.6 mmparticle diameter, but glass beads (coarse particles) of4 mmdiameter have also been used so as to verify the methodology proposed by comparing the results with those obtained by monitoring a marked (painted) particle. REFERENCES 1. N. Epstein, J.R. Grace. Eds. Cambridge University Press: New York, 2011. 2. J. Makibar, A.R. Fernandez-Akarregi, I. Alava, F. Cueva, G. Lopez and M. Olazar. Investigations on heat transfer and hydrodinamics under pirolisis conditions of a pilot-plant draft tube conical spouted bed reactor. Chem. Eng. Process., 50: 790-798, 2011

Correlation of the Minimum Spouting Velocity for the Design of Open-Sided Draft Tube Conical Spouted Beds for the Treatment of Fine Materials

The hydrodynamics of conical spouted beds provided with open-sided draft tubes have been studied for the treatment of fine particles. A correlation has been proposed for the calculation of the minimum spouting velocity as a function of dimensionless moduli that take into account the geometric factors of the contactor and the draft tube, particle characteristics and operating conditions

A neural-based modelling approach to estimate residence time and solids flow rate in a conical spouted bed with and without draft tubes

Spouted beds are an alternative contact method to the fixed and fluidized beds especially for handling coarse particles. Since its discovery in 1954 by Gishler and Mathur during grain drying in a fluidized bed, spouted beds have been widely studied and applied in different industrial processes, such as, particle coating, catalytic reactors, pyrolysis and drying of solids, pastes and suspensions. One of the main advantages of spouted beds over fluidized beds is its high degree of mixing between gas and solids within the bed due to a cyclical and uniform movement of particles, leading to high heat and mass transfer rates and also a homogeneous final product. Despite its advantages, the conventional configuration of the spouted bed still has some limitations; such as a high pressure drop for stable spouting, the existence of a maximum height for a stable spout with the corresponding scaling-up limitations and the highly dependable gas flow rates on stable spouting. In order to minimize these operational limitations, several spouted bed configurations have been proposed, the main ones being the spouted bed with a draft tube, the two-dimensional spouted bed and the spouted bed with supplementary aeration, among others. Solids residence time and flow rates are key parameters in the modeling, optimization and control of any process. Although predictions of solids residence time and flow rate are important issues that reflect the accuracy of the whole process simulation, difficulties arise in the use of either purely mechanistic or empirical approaches. In developing a reasonable theoretically based model, the only task is to estimate the values of the coefficients in the model, but, taking into account all relevant phenomena involved this model can prove to be impractical. Additionally, the seemingly overwhelming choice of structural options for empirical models may considerably hinder the modeling step. Artificial neural networks may be an effective alternative in that they can represent highly nonlinear processes, with flexibility and robustness against input noise and once they have been developed and their coefficients determined, they can provide a rapid response for a new input [1]. This neural network based model (MatLab® R2013a, Mathworks) uses the particle diameter dp, bed density ρb, cone angle γ, inlet diameter D0 and draft tubes characteristics as inputs whilst the maximum, mean and minimum residence times along with the solid flow rates are predicted with reasonable agreement with the experimental data, as shown in Figure 1 Please click Additional Files below to see the full abstract

Penapisan Beberapa Padi Lokal dari Pulau Enggano Terhadap Ketahanan Salinitas

Astuti et al, 2017. Screening of Several Local Rice from Enggano Island to Salinity Tolerance. JLSO 6(2):134-141. Enggano Island, Bengkulu Province, has a lot of local rice germplasm that has been cultivated by people in Enggano Island that is more than 30% as farmer. Identification of local rice from Enggano Island against biotic and abiotic stresses, especially salinity stress is necessary. The identification can be used, among other things, as the information of the local rice planting that related to the rising sea level in Enggano Island which impact on the condition and the area of rice cultivation land, and as a source of finding for resistance genes against salinity stress for improvement of those local rice varieties. Aim of this study is preliminary screening of some local rice from Enggano Island to salinity stress in seed and germination stages. The analysis used Factorial Randomized Design, two factors, the first factor  is salt concentration and and the second is local variety. The salt concentrations used were 0 millimolar NaCl, 250 millimolar NaCl, NaCl 275 millimolar and NaCl 300 millimolar and the rice sample used were 11 local rice of Enggano Island, NiponBare varieties as control of rice plants, Pokali as resistant control and IR29  varieties as susceptible controls. Rice seeds that used in this test are seed in seed stage and germination stage of 10-14 days old. This preliminary screening shows three local genotype of Enggano Island that tolerance to Salinity

Bed symmetry in the fountain confined conical spouted beds with open-sided draft tubes

Bed symmetry has been analysed in fountain confined conical spouted beds operating with fine particles. Thus, vertical particle velocities and the spout shape have been determined in a wide range of spouting air velocities and bed configurations. Bed symmetry is widely accepted in the spouted beds without draft tubes or with nonporous ones, but this is not the case when open-sided draft tubes are used. Thus, radial particle velocity profiles differ depending on the cross-sectional angular plane considered in the open-sided draft tubes. The spout expands preferentially along the tube opened surface, and is wider as spouting air velocity and aperture ratio are increased. The literature correlations proposed for the average spout diameter have been analysed and no one is valid for estimating this parameter in the whole range of spouting air velocities and configurations analysed in these systems operating with fine particles.This work has received funding from Spain's Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2019-107357RB-I00 (AEI/FEDER, UE)), the Basque Gov- ernment (IT1218–19 and KK-2020/00107) and the European Commis- sion (HORIZON H2020-MSCA RISE-2018. Contract No.: 823745). M. Tellabide thanks Spain's Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport for his Ph.D. grant (FPU14/05814). I. Estiati thanks the University of the Basque Country for her postgraduate grant (ESPDOC18/14)