Effects of diet and exercise on metabolic syndrome and the underlying factors = Efectos de la dieta y el ejercicio sobre el síndrome metabólico y sus factores

Introducción. El número de personas que padecen síndrome metabólico ha incrementado a nivel mundial durante las últimas dos décadas. Existen numerosos estudios que tratan de comparar prevalencias según los diferentes criterios y estimaciones del riesgo metabólico. De ellos se puede concluir que el principal hallazgo ha sido recalcar la necesidad de una definición estándar universal. A pesar de estas discrepancias no hay lugar a duda sobre el problema de salud pública que esto conlleva. Se necesitan medidas y estrategias urgentes para prevenir y controlar esta emergente epidemia global y para ello se debe prestar especial atención a los cambios en el estilo de vida, fundamentalmente dieta y ejercicio. A pesar de todo, existe a día de hoy una importante controversia sobre el tipo de ejercicio más efectivo y su combinación con la dieta para conseguir mejoras en la salud. Objetivos. Estudiar los índices de riesgo metabólico empleados en la literatura científica y las terapias basadas en dieta y ejercicio para el tratamiento de los factores del síndrome metabólico en adultos con sobrepeso. Diseño de investigación. Los datos empleados en el análisis de esta tesis son, primeramente un estudio piloto, y posteriormente parte del estudio “Programas de Nutrición y Actividad Física para el tratamiento de la obesidad” (PRONAF). El estudio PRONAF es un proyecto consistente en un estudio clínico sobre programas de nutrición y actividad física para el sobrepeso y la obesidad, desarrollado en España durante varios años de intervenciones. Fue diseñado, en parte, para tratar de comparar protocolos de entrenamiento de resistencia, cargas y combinado en igualdad de volumen e intensidad, con el objetivo de evaluar su impacto en los factores de riesgo y la prevalencia del síndrome metabólico en personas con sobrepeso y obesidad. El diseño experimental es un control aleatorio y el protocolo incluye 3 modos de ejercicio (entrenamiento de resistencia, con cargas y combinado) y restricción dietética sobre diversas variables determinantes del estado de salud. Las principales variables para la investigación que comprende esta tesis fueron: actividad física habitual, marcadores de grasa corporal, niveles de insulina, glucosa, triglicéridos, colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL, presión arterial y parámetros relacionados con el ejercicio. Conclusiones. A) Los índices de riesgo metabólico estudiados presentan resultados contradictorios en relación al riesgo metabólico en un individuo, dependiendo de los métodos matemáticos empleados para el cálculo y de las variables introducidas, tanto en mujeres sanas como en adultos en sobrepeso. B) El protocolo de entrenamiento combinado (de cargas y de resistencia) junto con la dieta equilibrada propuesto en este estudio fue la mejor estrategia para la mejora del riesgo de síndrome metabólico en adultos con sobrepeso. C) Los protocolos de entrenamiento supervisado de resistencia, con cargas y combinado junto con la restricción nutricional, no obtuvieron mejoras sobre el perfil lipídico, más allá de los cambios conseguidos con el protocolo de dieta y recomendaciones generales de actividad física habitual en clínica, en adultos con sobrepeso. Background. Over the past two decades, a striking increase in the number of people with the MetS worldwide has taken place. Many studies compare prevalences using different criteria and metabolic risk estimation formulas, and perhaps their main achievement is to reinforce the need for a standardized international definition. Although these discrepancies, there is no doubt it is a public health problem. There is urgent need for strategies to prevent and manage the emerging global epidemic, special consideration should be given to behavioral and lifestyle, mainly diet and exercise. However, there is still controversy about the most effective type of exercise and diet combination to achieve improvements. Objectives. To study the metabolic risk scores used in the literature and the diet and exercise therapies for the treatment of the MetS factors in overweight adults. Research design. The data used in the analysis was collected firstly in a pilot study and lately, as a part of the “Programas de Nutrición y Actividad física para el tratamiento de la obesidad” study (PRONAF). The PRONAF Study is a clinical research project in nutrition and physical activity programs for overweight and obesity, carried out in Spain (2008-2011). Was designed, in part, to attempt to match the volume and intensity of endurance, strength and combined training protocols in order to evaluate their impact on risk factors and MetS prevalence in overweight and obese people. The design and protocol included three exercise modes (endurance, strength and combined training) and diet restriction, in a randomized controlled trial concerning diverse health status variables. The main variables under investigation were habitual physical activity, markers of body fat, fasting serum levels of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, blood pressure and diet and exercise parameters. Main outcomes. A) The metabolic risk scores studied presented contradictory results in relation to the metabolic risk of an individual, depending on the mathematical method used and the variables included, both in healthy women and overweight adults. B) The protocol proposed for combination of strength and endurance training combined with a balance diet was the optimal strategy for the improvement of MetS risk in overweight adults. C) The intervention program of endurance, strength or combined supervised training protocol with diet restriction did not achieved further improvements in lipid profile than a habitual clinical practice protocol including dietary advice and standard physical activity recommendations, in overweight adults

Effects of Six Weeks of Flywheel Single-Leg Romanian Deadlift Training on Speed, Jumping and Change of Direction Performance.

Several studies have confirmed the efficacy of flywheel training, mainly in the bilateral half-squat exercise. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of single-leg Romanian deadlift flywheel training on speed, jumping and change of direction performance. Seventeen young healthy males underwent two periods of 3-week training based on two weekly sessions of 3 sets × 7 repetitions or 4 sets × 7 repetitions of single-leg Romanian deadlifts (0.037 kg/m² moment inertia) with their dominant and non-dominant leg. After the first three weeks of the program, the CMJ, the 10 m, 30 m and total sprint times, as well as the COD-90 test, presented likely substantial beneficial effects and a small decrease in the relationship between the sprint and COD-90 test performance. After the second period of the three-week training, likely detrimental effects were observed in some of the change of direction conditions and an increase in the relationship between the sprint and the COD-180 performance. It could be hypothesized that most of the flywheel training effects reported in the traditional protocols lasting a minimum of 5–6 weeks would occur in the first weeks of training.post-print1482 K

Positional comparisons in the impact of fatigue on movement patterns in hockey.

The aim of this study was to examine the influence of match period on the movement patterns of hockey players according to their playing position under the introduction of quarters. Methods: Sixteen sub-elite level Spanish National League male hockey players participated in the study (age: 25.5 ± 2.9 years; body mass: 74.6 ± 5.5 kg). Global Positioning Systems (GPS) devices were used to monitor players running performance during 17 competitive matches (113 match-play profiles). Only players who played for at least 85% of the game were analyzed. Players were categorized into three positions: backs, midfield and forwards. Results: Moderate to large differences in relative total distance were found between midfielders and both backs and forwards in all quarters (ES: 0.4-1.2). ES for total distance was moderate for midfields compared to backs during the first quarter (moderate ES: 0.7). Midfields and forwards covered more distance (m and m·min-1) in high velocity zones compared to backs (ES: 0.6). Acceleration activities (n·min-1) at moderate and high intensities decreased in all groups across quarters with ES moderate-to-very-large (ES: 0.4-1.4). Relative sprinting distance decreased in back players, (ES: 0.8). Backs sprinted had fewer repeated sprint bouts (n and n·min-1) less as game progressed (ES: 1.0). Conclusions: During competitive match-play a degree of positional variation can be observed across the quarters. The relative distance and the number of accelerations and decelerations at moderate and high intensity decreased across the quarters. No between quarters differences in regards to high-speed activity were reported.pre-print588 K

Análisis de la carga externa de competición en un periodo de congestión en hockey hierba

This study aimed to investigate the variation in players’ physical demands profile during a major national men field hockey tournament which consisted of 3 matches on consecutive days. Ten Spanish National League hockey players participated in the study (age: 24.2 ± 2.6 years; body mass: 74.2 ± 5.7 kg; height 176.8 ± 5.1 cm). Participants´ physical demands were monitored using global positioning system devices (SPI Elite, GPSports). Activity was categorized into total distance (m), relative total distance (m·min-1), low speed running (LSR; 19 km·h-1 m·min-1), sprinting relative to minute played (SR; >23.0 km·h-1 m·min-1) and number of sprints (SN; >23.0 km·h-1/ n/min). The number of acceleration and deceleration efforts were analyzed using intensity thresholds (low: 1-1.9 m·s-2 n·min-1; moderate: 2-2.9 m·s-2 n·min-1; high: >3 m·s-2 n·min-1). The data were analyzed using one-way repeated measures ANOVA coupled with magnitude-based inferences. Players reduced distance covered at moderate- and high-speed running, sprints relative minute played and the number of moderate accelerations, and moderate and high decelerations per minute played in the third match compared to the first match. The results of this investigation show that intensity activity were the most affected variables with congestion schedulepost-print457 K

Relationships between Strength and Step Frequency with Fatigue Index in Repeated Sprint Ability.

Force−velocity profile (FVP) and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) tests are indicators of physical capacities in most team sport players. The purpose of this study was to examine the stride kinematics during a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test and to analyze the relationship between Bosco’s force−velocity profile (FVP) and RSA performance in elite female field hockey players. Thirteen elite-female players performed both RSA (six 30 m maximal sprints) and jumping (CMJ weighted and body weight) tests. Sprinting time fatigue indexes during a 30 m RSA test were correlated with step frequency fatigue indexes (r > 0.7; p 0.7; p 0.5; p < 0.05). This study highlighted two possible ways to improve fatigue indexes in RSA, with the aim of maximizing the distances covered at high-intensities during the matches: (a) strength training and (b) focusing on step frequency during speed training.post-print1622 K

Analysis of Sport Supplement Consumption by Competitive Swimmers According to Sex and Competitive Level.

Sports supplements (SS) are commonly used by athletes to improve their performance. SS use by competitive swimmers is reported to be prevalent but there is no evidence of such use by elite swimmers, either male or female. The objective of this research was to study the patterns of SS use by competitive swimmers based on sex and competitive levels (national and international); Methods: Using the categories of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS), a total of 102 competitive swimmers (59 men and 43 women) completed a validated self-administered questionnaire on the use of SS; (3) Results: Overall, 86.9% of swimmers had consumed SSs with no differences observed between males and females (p = 0.247) or between competitive levels (p = 0.597). The SS that were most consumed by swimmers were caffeine (53.5%), sport drinks (52.5%), sport bars (51.5%), and vitamin C (43.4%). SSs categorized as medical supplements were consumed significantly more frequently by international swimmers (p = 0.012), with significant differences also found in the level—sex interaction (p = 0.049); (4) Conclusions: Compared to other sports disciplines, the prevalence of SS consumption is high in competitive swimmers regardless of performance level or gender. However, the consumption of medical supplements was greater in swimmers at a higher performance level.pre-print1202 K

Metabolic risk score indexes validation in overweight healthy people

The constellation of adverse cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic risk factors, including elevated abdominal obesity, blood pressure (BP), glucose, and triglycerides (TG) and lowered high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), has been termed the metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) [1]. A number of different definitions have been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2], the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (ATP III) [3], the European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (EGIR) [4] and, most recently, the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) [5]. Since there is no universal definition of the Metabolic Syndrome, several authors have derived different risk scores to represent the clustering of its components [6-11]

Análisis de las variaciones de la carga externa en jugadoras de fútbol de élite durante las tareas de 6 contra 6 en campo reducido

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the external loads response of elite female soccer players to different small-sided games (SSG). Twelve elite female soccer players (26.5 ± 5.7 years, 58.6 ± 5.6 kg, 164.4 ± 5.3 cm) performed four different 6vs6 SSG: two different sizes (20x20m and 30x30m) and with minigoals (MG) and without mini-goals (NG). Methods: Total distance (TD), low-intensity running distance (LIR), high-intensity running distance (HIR), sprint distance (SD), accelerations (ACC), decelerations (DEC), repeated sprints (RS) and Bodyload (BL) was collected using a 15Hz global positioning satellite system. The variables were compared across all SSG formats using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p&lt;.05) and non-clinical magnitude-based inferences (Cohen´s d). Results: Compared to 20x20m SSG, the 30x30m SSG induced greater TD (p=.001, d=1.20), LIR (p=.001, d=1.06), HIR (p=.001, d=1.20) and BL (p=.008, d=1.04) in NG condition. Similarly, in SSG with MG, greater number of ACC (p=.003, d=.38), DEC (p=.005, d=.42), LIR (p=.009, d=.86) and HIR (p=.070 d=.61) occurred in 30x30m vs. 20x20m. When NG 30x30m and 20x20m SSG were played, greater TD (p=.001, d=1.70; p=.001, d=1.13; respectively), LIR (p=.001, d=1.84; p=.001, d=1.39), ACC (p=.54, d=.39; p=.003, d=.74; respectively) and BL (p=.001, d=1.60; p=.001, d=1.15; respectively) were noted compared to MG. Conclusion: greater external load response of elite female soccer players was observed in SSG without mini-goals and played in greater pitch sizes. These findings are usefulness for coaches and physical trainers to design proper training tasks according to game demands.Propósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar la respuesta de las cargas externas de las jugadoras de fútbol de élite a diferentes juegos reducidos (SSG). Doce jugadoras de fútbol de élite (26,5 ± 5,7 años, 58,6 ± 5,6 kg, 164,4 ± 5,3 cm) realizaron cuatro diferentes SSG 6vs6: dos tamaños distintos (20x20m y 30x30m) y con mini-porterias (MG) y sin ini-porterias (NG). Métodos: Se recogió la distancia total (TD), la distancia de carrera de baja intensidad (LIR), la distancia de carrera de alta intensidad (HIR), la distancia de sprint (SD), las aceleraciones (ACC), las deceleraciones (DEC), los sprints repetidos (RS) y la carga corporal (BL) mediante un sistema de posicionamiento global por satélite de 15Hz. Las variables se compararon entre todos los formatos de SSG utilizando un análisis de varianza de una vía (ANOVA) (p&lt;.05) y las inferencias basadas en la magnitud del tamaño del efecto (d de Cohen). Resultados: En comparación con el SSG de 20x20m, el SSG de 30x30m indujo una mayor TD (p=0,001, d=1,20), LIR (p=0,001, d=1,06), HIR (p=0,001, d=1,20) y BL (p=0,008, d=1,04) en la condición NG. Del mismo modo, en SSG con MG, se produjo un mayor número de ACC (p=0,003, d=0,38), DEC (p=0,005, d=0,42), LIR (p=0,009, d=0,86) y HIR (p=0,070 d=0,61) en 30x30m frente a 20x20m. Cuando se jugó NG 30x30m y 20x20m SSG, se observó una mayor TD (p=.001, d=1.70; p=.001, d=1.13; respectivamente), LIR (p=.001, d=1.84; p=.001, d=1.39), ACC (p=.54, d=.39; p=.003, d=.74; respectivamente) y BL (p=.001, d=1.60; p=.001, d=1.15; respectivamente) en comparación con MG. Conclusión: se observó una mayor respuesta a la carga externa de las jugadoras de fútbol de élite en SSG sin ini-porterias y jugadas en terrenos de juego de mayor tamaño. Estos hallazgos son útiles para que los entrenadores y preparadores físicos diseñen tareas de entrenamiento adecuadas según las exigencias del juego

Demandas cinemáticas de competición internacional en el hockey sobre hierba femenino.

Objective. To compare the kinematic demands on international women field hockey players during official competition matches. Materials and methods. Sixteen women players (age: 24.7 ± 2.8; weight: 57.9 ± 5.9 kg; height: 165.2 ± 4.9 cm) belonging to the Spanish national team were monitored during 5 matches of the European Championship using global positioning systems (GPS). The analyses were carried out according to the players’ positions (defenders, midfielders and forwards), the quarters in the game (Q1, Q2, Q3, Q4), and the number of minutes played. The data analysed included distances, accelerations and decelerations in different intensity ranges. Results. The defenders showed less high-intensity activity (speeds, accelerations and decelerations) than midfielders and forwards (9.4 ± 2.4%; ES: 0.78 with the midfielders and 33.1 ± 7.2%; ES: 2.1, with the defenders). The analysis by quarters showed that in Q4 activity was the highest for all positions. In terms of the number of minutes played, the cluster analysis grouped the players into 3 groups according to the number of minutes played (<32, 32-45 and >45 minutes). The athletes who played <32 covered the greatest distance at a sprint (>21 km/h) and high-intensity distance (>15 km/h) per minute of play compared to the group who played >45 minutes. Conclusions. The results of this study show that the physical demands on élite women hockey players depend on their position on the field, and that there is more activity in the last quarter and less relative high-intensity kinematic activity among the players who play more minutes during the match.Objetivo. Comparar las demandas cinemáticas de jugadoras internacionales de hockey sobre hierba durante partidos de competición oficial. Material y métodos. Dieciséis jugadoras (edad: 24.7 ± 2.8 años; peso: 57.9 ± 5.9 kg; altura: 165.2 ± 4.9 cm) pertenecientes a la selección absoluta española fueron monitorizadas mediante sistemas de posicionamiento global (GPS) durante 5 partidos del Campeonato de Europa. Los análisis fueron llevados a cabo en función de la demarcación de las jugadoras (defensas, medias y delanteras), de los cuartos de juego (C1, C2, C3, C4), y en base a los minutos jugados. Los datos analizados incluyeron distancias, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones en diferentes rangos de intensidad. Resultados. Las defensas presentaron menor actividad a alta intensidad (velocidades, aceleraciones y desaceleraciones) que medias y delanteras (9.4 ± 2.4%; TE: 0.78 con las medias y 33.1 ± 7.2%; TE: 2.1, con las defensas). El análisis por cuartos mostró que en el C4 la actividad fue mayor para todas las demarcaciones. En cuanto a minutos jugados, el análisis clúster agrupó a las jugadoras en 3 grupos en función de los minutos jugados ( 45 minutos). Las deportistas que jugaron < 32 cubrieron mayor distancia a esprint (> 21 km/h) y distancia a alta intensidad (> 15 km/h) por minuto de juego en comparación con el grupo de > 45 min jugados. Conclusiones. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que las demandas físicas en jugadoras de élite de hockey dependen de la demarcación en el campo, con mayor actividad en el último cuarto y con menor actividad cinemática de alta intensidad relativa en las jugadoras que acumulan más minutos durante el partido.post-print426 K

Análisis de las variaciones de la carga externa en jugadoras de fútbol de élite durante las tareas de 6 contra 6 en campo reducido

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe and compare the external loads response of elite female soccer players to different small-sided games (SSG). Twelve elite female soccer players (26.5 ± 5.7 years, 58.6 ± 5.6 kg, 164.4 ± 5.3 cm) performed four different 6vs6 SSG: two different sizes (20x20m and 30x30m) and with minigoals (MG) and without mini-goals (NG). Methods: Total distance (TD), low-intensity running distance (LIR), high-intensity running distance (HIR), sprint distance (SD), accelerations (ACC), decelerations (DEC), repeated sprints (RS) and Bodyload (BL) was collected using a 15Hz global positioning satellite system. The variables were compared across all SSG formats using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (p<.05) and non-clinical magnitude-based inferences (Cohen´s d). Results: Compared to 20x20m SSG, the 30x30m SSG induced greater TD (p=.001, d=1.20), LIR (p=.001, d=1.06), HIR (p=.001, d=1.20) and BL (p=.008, d=1.04) in NG condition. Similarly, in SSG with MG, greater number of ACC (p=.003, d=.38), DEC (p=.005, d=.42), LIR (p=.009, d=.86) and HIR (p=.070 d=.61) occurred in 30x30m vs. 20x20m. When NG 30x30m and 20x20m SSG were played, greater TD (p=.001, d=1.70; p=.001, d=1.13; respectively), LIR (p=.001, d=1.84; p=.001, d=1.39), ACC (p=.54, d=.39; p=.003, d=.74; respectively) and BL (p=.001, d=1.60; p=.001, d=1.15; respectively) were noted compared to MG. Conclusion: greater external load response of elite female soccer players was observed in SSG without mini-goals and played in greater pitch sizes. These findings are usefulness for coaches and physical trainers to design proper training tasks according to game demandsPropósito: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir y comparar la respuesta de las cargas externas de las jugadoras de fútbol de élite a diferentes juegos reducidos (SSG). Doce jugadoras de fútbol de élite (26,5 ± 5,7 años, 58,6 ± 5,6 kg, 164,4 ± 5,3 cm) realizaron cuatro diferentes SSG 6vs6: dos tamaños distintos (20x20m y 30x30m) y con mini-porterias (MG) y sin ini-porterias (NG). Métodos: Se recogió la distancia total (TD), la distancia de carrera de baja intensidad (LIR), la distancia de carrera de alta intensidad (HIR), la distancia de sprint (SD), las aceleraciones (ACC), las deceleraciones (DEC), los sprints repetidos (RS) y la carga corporal (BL) mediante un sistema de posicionamiento global por satélite de 15Hz. Las variables se compararon entre todos los formatos de SSG utilizando un análisis de varianza de una vía (ANOVA) (p<.05) y las inferencias basadas en la magnitud del tamaño del efecto (d de Cohen). Resultados: En comparación con el SSG de 20x20m, el SSG de 30x30m indujo una mayor TD (p=0,001, d=1,20), LIR (p=0,001, d=1,06), HIR (p=0,001, d=1,20) y BL (p=0,008, d=1,04) en la condición NG. Del mismo modo, en SSG con MG, se produjo un mayor número de ACC (p=0,003, d=0,38), DEC (p=0,005, d=0,42), LIR (p=0,009, d=0,86) y HIR (p=0,070 d=0,61) en 30x30m frente a 20x20m. Cuando se jugó NG 30x30m y 20x20m SSG, se observó una mayor TD (p=.001, d=1.70; p=.001, d=1.13; respectivamente), LIR (p=.001, d=1.84; p=.001, d=1.39), ACC (p=.54, d=.39; p=.003, d=.74; respectivamente) y BL (p=.001, d=1.60; p=.001, d=1.15; respectivamente) en comparación con MG. Conclusión: se observó una mayor respuesta a la carga externa de las jugadoras de fútbol de élite en SSG sin ini-porterias y jugadas en terrenos de juego de mayor tamaño. Estos hallazgos son útiles para que los entrenadores y preparadores físicos diseñen tareas de entrenamiento adecuadas según las exigencias del jueg