Complejidad del intercambio, la dependencia de recursos y la subcontratación a largo plazo de servicios de I+D

ResumenEste trabajo analiza la preferencia de las empresas tecnológicas por adoptar o no una vinculación a largo con sus proveedores cuando deciden subcontratar actividades de su proceso de innovación. Con base en la teoría de los costes de transacción y en la teoría de la dependencia de recursos, se argumenta que esta elección estará determinada por los atributos del servicio subcontratado y por la necesidad de las empresas de asegurarse la disponibilidad de los recursos externos a largo plazo. Los datos obtenidos tras analizar 90 acuerdos de subcontratación de servicios de I+D, de una encuesta realizada a empresas de la Unión Europea (UE) y Estados Unidos que operan en sectores intensivos en tecnología, muestran que estas sólo prefieren vincularse a largo plazo con su proveedor cuando la complejidad del servicio así lo requiere o cuanto mayor sea el nivel de interdependencia de recursos entre el cliente y el proveedor. En otras circunstancias, prefieren adoptar acuerdos a corto plazo con el fin de mantener una estrategia tecnológica flexible, preferencia que resulta mayor para las empresas tecnológicamente más competentes, y especialmente si la decisión de subcontratación está motivada por cuestiones de eficiencia operativa o por el deseo de superar la desventaja del extranjero en su expansión internacional.AbstractWe analyze the preference of technological firms for long-term relationships, instead of short-term contracts, as they engage in R&D outsourcing agreements with external partners. We draw from transaction cost theory and resource dependence theory to argue that this choice will be mainly determined by the attributes of the R&D service outsourced, and the company's need to secure the availability of external resources on a long-term basis. Using original international survey data on 90 R&D outsourcing agreements by European and U.S. companies operating in technology-intensive industries, we find that long-term relationships are preferred when the attributes of asset-specificity and frequency are present and when the level of resource dependence between the exchange parties increases. On the other hand, companies seem to prefer short-term contracts in order to follow a flexible R&D sourcing strategy. This preference appears to be higher for those companies that are more technologically competent, and when the underlying motive for outsourcing the R&D service is increasing operational flexibility, or overcoming the liability of foreignness when entering new markets

Government revenue in the wake of the pandemic: tax residuals and inflation

Rationale Following the COVID-19 pandemic, tax revenue has shown strong dynamism, increasing as a proportion of GDP by 3.7 percentage points since 2019. Understanding the nature of this dynamism is key to assessing Spanish fiscal policy. Takeaways • This article breaks down revenue growth into four explanatory factors: real economic activity, price growth, the effect of fiscal measures and an unexplained component or tax residual. • The effect of prices (inflation) has been gaining weight and appears to account for somewhat more than half of the revenue growth observed in 2022, especially from VAT and personal income tax. • It is estimated that 2.6 percentage points of the 3.7 percentage point increase in the revenue-to-GDP ratio cannot be explained by the changes in economic activity, prices or the fiscal measures approved. In the absence of an explanation about the permanent or temporary nature of this phenomenon, the principle of prudence would advise against considering this increase in revenue to be permanent

Longitudinal acoustic instabilities in slender solid propellant rockets : linear analysis

To describe the acoustic instabilities in the combustion chambers of laterally burning solid propellant rockets the interaction of the mean flow with the acoustic waves is analysed, using multiple scale techniques, for realistic cases in which the combustion chamber is slender and the nozzle area is small compared with the cross-sectional area of the chamber. Associated with the longitudinal acoustic oscillations we find vorticity and entropy waves, with a wavelength typically small compared with the radius of the chamber, penetrating deeply into the chamber. We obtain a set of differential equations to calculate the radial and axial dependence of the amplitude of these waves. The boundary conditions are provided by the acoustic admittance of the propellant surface, given by an existing analysis of the thin gas-phase reaction layer adjacent to the solid-gas interface, and of the nozzle, accounting here for the possible effect of the vorticity and entropy waves. The equations are integrated in closed form and the results provide the growth rate of the disturbances, which we use to determine the conditions for instability of the longitudinal oscillations

Rediseño de un cabestrante eléctrico destinado a su uso en todoterrenos para adaptarlo a la función de tirar de grandes longitudes de cable en el sector eléctrico

Treball final de Grau en Enginyeria Mecànica. Codi: EM1047. Curs acadèmic 2017/2018La realización del presente proyecto responde a la pretensión de crear, utilizando el máximo número posible de piezas de los cabrestantes que la empresa importa, conjuntamente con piezas de diseño propio, una máquina que introducirá a la empresa en un sector muy diferente al mundo del todoterreno. La máquina en cuestión se utilizará en el sector eléctrico, y servirá para tirar de grandes longitudes de cable de forma sencilla y sin apenas esfuerzo, pues el operario solo tendrá que encargarse de “guardar” el cable girando una bobina, en la que se enrollará el mismo, y que se encontrará a una altura que no le supondrá trabajar en una postura incómoda ni realizar ningún esfuerzo. Además, esta máquina tendrá un carácter móvil (se podrá trasladar con relativa facilidad) y estará compuesta por diferentes partes fácilmente desmontables con la intención de aligerar el peso a mover y de reducir el volumen ocupado por la máquina cuando ésta no esté en uso. Otro punto que refuerza el carácter móvil de la máquina es el hecho de que funcionará conectada a una batería situada en el vehículo con el que se transporte, o incluso a la propia batería del vehículo (si es de 24V

Critical Reflections on Teaching ESP through Constructivist, Communicative and Collaborative Technological Integrated Procedures

AbstractAccording to the constructivist approach, that considers learning an active process of construction in which the student occupies a central position, this paper is an attempt to critically reflect on the approaches of teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) carrying out real practices in internet and using different multimedia tools. Taking into account that the acquisition of a foreign language implies training in real contexts and social interaction, this study analyses the use of new pedagogical tendencies such as the Web 2.0. (Wikis, Blogs, Blackboard, etc.) and internet (online dictionaries, YouTube, Google search, etc.) as effective resources to carry out communicative and task-based activities for teaching ESP. This study, based on the impressions and experiences of developing constructive real tasks related to a professional subject using new technologies, reviews not only current language teaching paradigms related to social participation, but also how the technical integration of the different linguistic skills promotes communicative learning in real contexts. The findings from this exploratory study provide a better understanding on the efficiency of technology in teaching English for Specific Purposes

Development of an Emergency Radio Beacon for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles

Emergency locator transmitters (ELTs) used to locate manned aircrafts are not well suited to find and recover small crashed unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). ELTs utilize an international satellite system for search and rescue (Cospas-Sarsat System), which should leverage its expensive resources to save lives as a priority. Besides, ELTs are too big and heavy to be used within small UAVs. Some of the existing solutions for this problem are based on receivers that detect signal strength, which may be a long and tedious process not suitable for user needs. Others do not have enough range or require radio license and expensive amateur radio receivers. This paper presents an emergency radio beacon specifically designed to locate small UAVs. It is triggered automatically in the event of a crash and allows finding and recovering a crashed UAV in a fast and simple way. It meets not only the required specifications of user-friendliness, size and weight of this kind of application, but also it is a high precision and low cost device. Besides, it has enough range and endurance. The experiments carried out show the operation of the proposed system

Etude des médicaments employés dans la pharmacie de l'Hôpital de "Las Cinco Llagas" de Séville (1776-1836)

Actes du XXXIe Congrès International d'Histoire de la Pharmacie (Paris, 25-29 septembre 1995

L'assistance pharmaceutique dans les hôpitaux de Jerez de la Frontera (XVIe-XIXe siècles)

Martinez Garcia Consolación, López Diaz Maria Teresa, Moreno Toral Esteban. L'assistance pharmaceutique dans les hôpitaux de Jerez de la Frontera (XVIe-XIXe siècles). In: Revue d'histoire de la pharmacie, 84ᵉ année, n°312, 1996. Actes du XXXIe Congrès International d'Histoire de la Pharmacie (Paris, 25-29 septembre 1995) pp. 86-94